DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

This project “Design and Construction of a microcontroller timer socket outlet, that takes over the task of human intervention in electrical and electronic appliances when connected to power. It can also be used as home automation system to ensure energy saving by shutting off from the main supply in such a way that it will switch off the loads once it counts down to zero.
The working principle is such that a preset time, usually between 1minute and 1440 minutes, is set using the appropriate buttons and made to start operation when the start button is hit. The preset time counts down to zero and disconnects automatically from the main supply to conserve power usage. The microcontroller does the countdown which is displayed on the LCD . At the completion of the task, audio and visual signals are indicated to signify completion.
The microcontroller-driven timer socket outlet project effectively showcased the capability to automate electrical devices according to set time intervals. Utilizing a microcontroller paired with a real-time clock (RTC) module, the system enabled users to program specific activation and deactivation times for connected appliances, promoting energy savings and ease of use. Tests verified precise timing functionality and consistent performance across different loads. In summary, the project successfully delivered an affordable and intuitive tool for automating electrical devices, with potential uses in smart homes, energy conservation, and IoT applications. Enhancements such as wireless features and mobile app compatibility could further expand its functionality in the future.

This work presents the modeling, simulation and analysis of a Home Energy Management System (HEMS) specifically designed to manage domestic load. The aim of this project is to model and analyze the HEMS for efficient energy harvesting, storage and consumption. To implement this, the HEMS system was modeled and simulated using MATLAB/Simulink. Each subsystem of the HEMS; the PV system, DC bus, DC-DC converter, DC/AC inverter, battery subsystem, home subsystem, AC/grid interface are modelled using the Simulink blocks and all design considerations are taken account for. The system is rated at 5kw and it was designed to power two test loads of 3KW each which was connected to the home energy management system (HEMS) i.e a total 6KW load. In this project, we used Simulink to simulate a photovoltaic system, grid power and a battery connected to a home energy management system (HEMS) as complementary power sources to address issues of power shortages and to also minimize and control the rate of energy consumption in homes thus reducing the cost of power consumption as much as possible.
Having designed, simulated and analyzed the HEMS, the results were studied and the system was effective in managing the loads under different grid and power scenarios. The system’s response during a 6-second simulation period showed how the system managed the two 3kW loads under different scenarios. The PV system initially powers both loads, drawing the 1KW deficit from the Grid. A grid outage is then simulated, and the loads previously powered by the sun and grid are then powered by the battery system, reducing grid usage and reliance. The grid is later restored and it resynchronizes with the system. This indicates the system success in managing the load under different power and grid scenarios.

The existing landscape of real-time communication often relies on traditional wire intercom systems which are characterized by high installation costs, complex wiring, and inherent flexibility, posing significant challenges for scalable deployment in dynamic environments. These limitations necessitate a modern, cost-effective, and easy-to-deploy solution that utilizes existing infrastructure. The primary aim of this project is to address this deficit by designing and implementing a functional, low-latency 4-channel Wi-Fi ( Wireless Fidelity) Local Area Network (LAN) based wireless intercom system capable of facilitating clear, full-duplex voice communication among multiple users.The system methodology centered on a decentralized, peer-to-peer architecture utilizing ESP32 microcontroller for its integrated Wi-Fi capabilities and dedicated I2S (Inter integrated sound ) digital audio interface. Audio quality was managed by pairing an INMP441 digital microphone a MAX98357A digital amplifier, eliminating analog noise and circuit complexity. Crucially, communication over the LAN was executed using the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) instead of Control Protocol (TCP). This deliberate choice minimized packet overhead and connection management, which is essential for ensuring the reliable, low-latency data transmission required for real-time conversation. Testing confirmed the successful two-way voice transmission between all intercom units, with the system consistently demonstrating an end-to-end latency below the critical 150ms threshold required for human-perceptible real-time conversation. In conclusion, the project successfully validated the technical feasibility of leveraging commodity Internet Of Things (IoT) hardware for sophisticated communication tasks. The resulting system is a significantly more scalable and cost-effective alternative to legacy wired intercoms, demonstrating a framework for future development in affordable, high performance wireless communication product

Single phase inverters play an essential role in applications such as uninterruptible power supplies and renewable energy systems, yet their operation is often affected by faults including short circuits, open circuit conditions, and DC link overvoltage. This work reviews these common fault types, their characteristic influence on inverter performance, and the protective measures commonly employed to limit their impact and ensure reliable operation. The study involved identifying and classifying major inverter faults, examining the protection techniques typically used in practice, and developing a simulation model of a single phase H - bridge inverter for controlled analysis. Selected protection devices, including fast acting fuses, electronic current limiting circuits, and voltage clamping components, were examined under various fault scenarios, with parameters such as Response Time, Detection Rate, and Fault Coverage used for evaluation. Observations from the simulation provided insight into how the inverter behaves when exposed to different fault scenarios and how each protection device influences system response. The patterns revealed through these analyses highlight the importance of rapid fault handling, effective voltage suppression, and balanced device coordination. Based on these insights, the study emphasizes the value of adopting a multilayered protection arrangement that integrates fast electronic sensing with traditional isolation components to enhance the overall safety, reliability, and cost effectiveness of single phase inverter systems.

Single phase inverters play an essential role in applications such as uninterruptible power supplies and renewable energy systems, yet their operation is often affected by faults including short circuits, open circuit conditions, and DC link overvoltage. This work reviews these common fault types, their characteristic influence on inverter performance, and the protective measures commonly employed to limit their impact and ensure reliable operation. The study involved identifying and classifying major inverter faults, examining the protection techniques typically used in practice, and developing a simulation model of a single phase H - bridge inverter for controlled analysis. Selected protection devices, including fast acting fuses, electronic current limiting circuits, and voltage clamping components, were examined under various fault scenarios, with parameters such as Response Time, Detection Rate, and Fault Coverage used for evaluation. Observations from the simulation provided insight into how the inverter behaves when exposed to different fault scenarios and how each protection device influences system response. The patterns revealed through these analyses highlight the importance of rapid fault handling, effective voltage suppression, and balanced device coordination. Based on these insights, the study emphasizes the value of adopting a multilayered protection arrangement that integrates fast electronic sensing with traditional isolation components to enhance the overall safety, reliability, and cost effectiveness of single phase inverter systems.

The existing landscape of real-time communication often relies on traditional wire intercom systems which are characterized by high installation costs, complex wiring, and inherent flexibility, posing significant challenges for scalable deployment in dynamic environments. These limitations necessitate a modern, cost-effective, and easy-to-deploy solution that utilizes existing infrastructure. The primary aim of this project is to address this deficit by designing and implementing a functional, low-latency 4-channel Wi-Fi ( Wireless Fidelity) Local Area Network (LAN) based wireless intercom system capable of facilitating clear, full-duplex voice communication among multiple users. The system methodology centered on a decentralized, peer-to-peer architecture utilizing ESP32 microcontroller for its integrated Wi-Fi capabilities and dedicated I2S (Inter integrated sound ) digital audio interface. Audio quality was managed by pairing an INMP441 digital microphone with a MAX98357A digital amplifier, eliminating analog noise and circuit complexity. Crucially, communication over the LAN was executed using the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) instead of
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). This deliberate choice minimized packet overhead and connection management, which is essential for ensuring the reliable, low-latency data transmission required for real-time conversation.
Testing confirmed the successful two-way voice transmission between all intercom units, with the system consistently demonstrating an end-to-end latency below the critical 150ms threshold required for human-perceptible real-time conversation. In conclusion, the project successfully validated the technical feasibility of leveraging commodity Internet Of Things (IoT) hardware for sophisticated communication tasks.

The comprehensive study of high-frequency transmission lines, including stripline, microstripline, differential microstrip lines and differential straplines configuration is critical for advanced RF and microwave engineering education. Fundamentals of some transmission line phenomenon such as impedance matching, reflection coefficient and the effect of open and short circuits, relies greatly on practical hands-on experience alongside theoretical tools like the Smith chart. Furthermore, many academic institutions face challenges in providing laboratory systems that accurately represent high-frequency transmission line structures on common PCB substrates such as FR4. The absence of versatile and cost-effective experimental circuits limits students’ opportunities to explore and solve real-world transmission line problems, thereby hindering the development of essential engineering skills. This project aims to develop an integrated high-frequency transmission line experimentation systems for university laboratories, incorporating stripline, microstripline, differential microstriplines and differential striplines configuration on FR4 substrates. The system will facilitate direct measurement and analysis of transmission line behavior, enabling students to visualize various experiments, and investigate the proposed applications (e.g. open and short circuit effects, s-parameters,
transmission line as a filter etc.) within a controlled environment.
By linking theoretical concepts with practical experiments, specifically through the application of Smith chart and transmission line theory, this system will enhance RF engineering education, equipping students with the competence needed to address modern communication system challenges effectively

The comprehensive study of high-frequency transmission lines, including stripline, microstripline, differential microstriplines and differential striplines configuration is critical for advanced RF and microwave engineering education. Fundamentals of some transmission line phenomenon such as impedance matching, reflection coefficient and the effect of open and short circuits, relies greatly on practical hands-on experience alongside theoretical tools like the Smith chart. Furthermore, many academic institutions face challenges in providing laboratory systems that accurately represent high-frequency transmission line structures on common PCB substrates such as FR4. The absence of versatile and cost-effective experimental circuits limits students’ opportunities to explore and solve real-world transmission line problems, thereby hindering the development of essential engineering skills. This project aims to develop an integrated high-frequency transmission line experimentation systems for university laboratories, incorporating stripline, microstripline, differential microstriplines and differential striplines configuration on FR4 substrates. The system will facilitate direct measurement and analysis of transmission line behavior, enabling students to visualize various experiments, and investigate the proposed applications (e.g. open and short circuit effects, s-parameters, transmission line as a filter etc.) within a controlled environment. By linking theoretical concepts with practical experiments, specifically through the application of Smith chart and transmission line theory, this system will enhance RF engineering education, equipping students with the competence needed to address modern communication system challenges effectively

This study addresses the critical challenge of optimizing charging performance in lithium-ion batteries (LIB) by designing and analysing an intelligent Battery Management System (BMS) with an adaptive Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC). The research aims to resolve the trade-off between charging speed, thermal safety, and cycle life longevity by moving beyond rigid Constant Current–Constant Voltage (CC-CV) methods to a holistic, health-aware control strategy. The FLC was engineered to integrate three key active parameters: State of Charge (SOC), State of Health (SOH), and Temperature, as inputs to dynamically regulate the charging current (𝐼𝑐) and voltage (𝑉𝑐). The methodology adopted a quantitative simulation-based experimental design using the MATLAB/Simulink environment. A high fidelity Second-Order Equivalent Circuit Model (ECM) of the Molicel INR–21700–P45B cell was formulated to replicate realistic electro-thermal dynamics. A central component of the study involved a systematic comparative analysis of two different Membership Function (MF) types within the FLC: Triangular and Gaussian. This approach allowed for rigorous stress testing under diverse conditions, including varied SOC levels, degradation states (100% vs. 95% SOH), and a wide ambient temperature range (0°C to 55°C). The results demonstrated the definitive superiority of the Gaussian-type MF, which produced significantly smoother control transitions, minimized current ripple, and reduced electrical stress compared to the Triangular MF. The Gaussian-based FLC successfully maintained charging efficiency within the optimal thermal window (25°C to 45°C) and demonstrated a critical "Survival Mode" at 55°C, where it autonomously throttled the charging current by approximately 63% to prevent thermal runaway. Furthermore, the integration of SOH allowed the controller to intelligently derate current for aged cells, confirming its capability as a robust, safety-first solution for nextgeneration intelligent BMS architectures.

The Internet of Things (IoT) describes a kind of network which interconnects various devices with the help of internet. IoT assists to transmit data with among devices, tracing and monitoring devices and other things. IoT make objects 'smart' by allowing them to transmit
data and automating of tasks, without human interference. A health tracking wearable device is an example of simple effortless IoT in our life. A smart city with sensors covering all its regions using diverse tangible gadgets and objects connected with the help of internet is
another example. However, there are still a lot of challenges and issues that need to be addressed to achieve the full potential of IoT. These challenges and issues must be considered from various aspects of IoT such as applications, challenges, enabling technologies, social and environmental impacts etc. This project presents a simple method for developing Wi-Fi and Bluetooth Home Automation System that monitors the electrical energy consumption of our houses with realtime tracking. A custom node microcontroller unit (ESP) serves as the main control unit. It is interfaced with sensors that give the real-time status of the surroundings and also monitor
various appliances like lights, fans, etc. Light bulbs and sockets are used to represent the house hold appliances. Communication between human and electrical devices is orchestrated via an android application namely Blynk. Test results of the designed system show that the electrical appliances can be turned On and Off by the Smart arrangemen