, FACULTY OF ENGINEERING,

In rural areas, access to sustainable and dependable power is essential for advancing healthcare, education, and socioeconomic development. This project work presents the design and implementation of a solar mini grid aimed at providing electrification for a rural community. The project focuses on providing a load dispensary using solar mini grid as a clean and renewable source via a pure sine wave inverter to address the energy poverty occurring in remote areas. The design methodology contains a thorough assessment of the energy needs of the target community, considering factors such as population density, existing infrastructure, and the specific load requirement for the dispensary. The selected photovoltaic panels, charge controllers, designed inverters, and battery storage systems are optimized for efficiency, durability, and cost effectiveness. Finally, the conclusion was drawn from the final results and observations in the course of the project. The project's conclusions offer significant new information to the field of renewable energy planning, with practical applications for engineers and other professionals who strive to provide rural communities with sustainable and equitable access to energy.

Electric arc welding is a widely used metal joining process that employs electrical energy to generate heat for melting and fusing metallic components. During welding, an electric arc is established between the electrode and the workpiece, producing sufficient heat to create a molten weld pool that solidifies upon cooling, forming a strong bond. To protect the molten metal from atmospheric contamination and undesirable chemical reactions, shielding materials such as slag are utilized. Arc welding processes may use either consumable or non-consumable electrodes and can operate with alternating current (AC) or direct current (DC) power sources. The electrode functions as a conductor, transmitting electrical current to the workpiece and generating the heat necessary for fusion. Power sources for arc welding are generally classified as constant current (CC) or constant voltage (CV) systems. Current primarily influences heat input, while voltage affects arc length. Manual welding processes, including Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) and Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW), commonly employ constant current power sources to maintain stable welding conditions despite fluctuations in voltage. Understanding the principles of arc welding and power source characteristics is essential for achieving high-quality welds and optimizing welding performance in industrial applications.

Brewers spent grain (BSG) is a by-product of the brewing industry that
contributes to a large volume of wastes. The lignocellulosic nature of this waste, together with presence of functional components such as antioxidants, represents an attractive for the composite industry. In this work the use of the
brewers spent grain was used to produce cellulose acetate membrane which was used for the treatment method of the brewery effluent (waste water). The results obtained for the BOD are 16.65mg/l(untreated), then first to fifth treatment as 13.7mg/l, 11.16mg/l, 8,37mg/l, 5.58mg/l and 3.14mg/l respetively. It was observed to have a R value of 0.999 which was an indication of viability of treatment process as also ascertained with the results from the COD, TSS, TDS and PH test analysis as shown in this project work

This study investigates the effectiveness of clove oil extract as a green corrosion inhibitor for mild steel immersed in simulated seawater. Corrosion in chloride-rich marine environments leads to rapid metal degradation, and natural plant-based inhibitors offer a sustainable alternative to synthetic chemicals. Clove oil was extracted using ethanol-based solvent extraction, and mild steel specimens were exposed to 3.5% NaCl solutions containing 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 mL of the extract. Electrochemical analyses, including Open Circuit Potential (OCP), Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), and Tafel polarization were conducted, alongside surface characterization using FTIR, SEM, and EDS. Results showed that the optimum inhibitor concentration (0.3 mL) produced a significant noble shift in OCP, stabilizing around +0.07 V compared to the unstable blank sample. Tafel analysis revealed a reduction in corrosion current density from 2.287 × 10⁻⁶ A/cm² (control) to 0.887 × 10⁻⁶ A/cm², corresponding to an inhibition efficiency of 61.22%. EIS results confirmed enhanced surface protection, with charge-transfer resistance increasing from 1.8 × 10⁵ Ω·cm² for the blank to 1.0 × 10⁶ Ω·cm² at 0.3 mL. SEM images showed a smoother, film-covered surface at higher inhibitor concentrations, while EDS detected reduced Fe intensity and increased oxygen content. FTIR confirmed the presence of O–H, C–O, and aromatic C=C functional groups responsible for adsorption. This study concluded that clove oil extract has a strong protective effect, confirming its potential as an efficient eco-friendly corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in saline environments. It is recommended that future studies explore clove extract synergistically with other natural inhibitors to further improve corrosion resistance.