DEPARTMENT OF ANATOMY

The liver is the main organ where exogenous and endogenous chemicals are metabolized and finally excreted. As a consequence, hepatocytes are exposed to remarkable concentrations of these chemicals and drugs, which can lead to cell death, hepatoxicity, liver dysfunction, and even organ failure. During fetal development, the liver plays a crucial role in hematopoiesis, metabolism, and detoxification. Any disruptions or
abnormalities in liver development can have long-lasting effects on liver function and overall health.

The study was undertaken within a period of 4weeks to analyses the effects of MYRISTICA FRAGRANS on the kidneys of the adult Wister rats. A total of thirty rats weighing 180-190grams were used in the study. The rats were assigned into five groups of six rats per group. The animals allowed to acclimatize to the experimental procedure for 2 weeks and we're fed with grower mesh and water Group A animals served as control and were fed with only water and fed with only water and feed. While group B, C, D, E animals were administered with nutmeg extract. Group B animals were fed with extract for 28 days, same routine were given to group, C, D and E. Animals were sacrifices after the 28th days of administration , the kidneys were harvest weighed and further taken for histological results, also the blood of the animals was also been tested.

Annona muricata (also known as Soursop) is a tropical fruit which belongs to the annonaceae family, native to tropical countries, it is a small evergreen tree that can be slender and upright or low spreading and bushy and become straggly as it matures. Different components of Annona muricata are extensively applied in traditional medicine of many countries to cure various ailments and diseases. This study examines The Effect of Annona muricata on the hearts of adult Wistar Rats. This work involved the use of an experimental study design, consisting of twenty-four (24) adult Wistar rats weighing 180-200g which were acclimatized for two (2) weeks, separated into four (4) groups; A, B, C and D with each group having six (6) Wistar rats of randomized patterns for administration and were all weighed prior to it. In Group A (control group), the rats were administered with feed and distilled water, Group B were administered with 200mg/kg body weight of aqueous extract of Annona muricata (low dose), Group C were administered with 400mg/kg body weight of aqueous extract of Annona muricata (intermediate dose), Group D were administered with 800mg/kg body weight of aqueous extract of Annona muricata (high dose). After administration (twenty-seven (27) days), the animals were sacrificed, organs harvested and processed for assays according to established methods. Data from the animals were subjected to statistical analysis using GraphPad prism version 8.1 statistical package and relevant statistical values were obtained. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was carried out and data were presented as mean ± standard error of mean (SEM). Least significant. Difference (LSD) post-hoc test was used. Values of P<0.05 were considered statistically significant. The statistical values obtained were converted into graphical representation in form of bar charts. Histologically, Group A, the control group, showed heart tissue with normal architecture composed of distinct cardiomyocytes, coronary arteries and interstitial spaces. Group B, also showed heart tissue with architecture composed of distinct cardiomyocytes, coronary arteries filled with blood (active vascular congestion) and normal interstitial spaces. Group C showed heart tissue with normal cardiomyocyte bundles with active coronary vascular congestion and mild perivascular infiltrates of plasma cells. Group D, showing the heart tissue with normal cardiomyocyte bundles, coronary arteries and interstitial spaces, all normal. In conclusion, across the graded doses, Annona muricata had no damaging effect on the heart tissue, it proved to have vasodilative properties as it increased blood flow in the coronary vessels in the heart tissue.

Primarily, the nervous system consists of the brain. Being the body's central command center, it is an intricate organ. It regulates respiration, touch, temperature, emotions, memory, and mental processes. According to Hopkin (2023), the central nervous system is comprised of the brain and the spinal cord that emanates from it. The cerebellum and cerebrum make up the two main divisions of the brain. The term "cerebrum" refers to the biggest and highest area of the brain. It comprises the cerebral hemispheres and accounts for roughly two thirds of the brain's total weight. Temperature regulation, speech, cognition, learning, hearing, touch, and other processes are all made easier by it. Movement is also initiated and organized by it (Zimbardo et al., 2003).

Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn. (Roselle) is an annual shrub which is popular in Asian and African countries including Nigeria. It is used as a medicinal plant for the treatment of various disease conditions such as hypertension and hyperlipidemia [Chukwunonso K. Nwabufo and O Olusanya, (2017) ] This study was undertaken to investigate the mitigating effect of Aqueous extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa calyx on lead induced toxicity on testes and epididymis of adult Wistar rats. Twenty male rats weighing 150g - 180g were used for this study, the rats were divided randomly into four groups A, B, C, and D consisting of 5 rats each. Group A served as control group and B, C, D were treatment groups. The rats were fed with Grower's mash animal feed and given water throughout the period of this study (60 days). Group A was just given food and water. Treatment group B was given 0.1ml of lead acetate via orogastric tube for 60 days. Group C was given Hibiscus sabdariffa extract 500mg/kg BW for 60 days. Group D was given 0.1ml of lead acetate and Hibiscus sabdariffa Aqueous extract 500mg/kg for 60 days. This study suggests that Hibiscus sabdariffa extract has some curative and preventive effect against testes and epididymis toxicity caused by lead acetate. These effects were supported by the restoration of histological architecture of the testes

For centuries natural products have played a very crucial role in health care and prevention of diseases.Extracts of G. kola have been demonstrated to possess antimicrobial effects and has also been shown to possess hepatoprotective activities. The seed is used to prevent and relieve colic, chest colds and cough and can as well be used to treat headache. The nature of the spermato zoa (their vitality, motility and morphology) and the composition of seminal fluid are important for sperm function. Basic sperm analysis measures the number of spermatozoa (per unit volume and per ejaculate), motility and morphology. This study was carried out on twenty healthy adult male Wistar rats weighing between 200g to 250g. Group A was the control group. Group B was low dose administration group (250mg/kg body weight).Group C was intermediate dose administration group (500mg/kg body weight). Group D was high dose administration group (1000mg/kg body weight) The result of the statistical analysis showed that Garcinia kola caused significant increases (P < 0.05) serum FSH, testosterone and percentage of abnormal sperm cells which in conjuction with the vascular congestion noticed. There was no significant difference in total sperm count, body weight and testes weight. There was significant decrease in sperm motility and morphology.

Soybean is an annual herbaceous legume plant that has diverse applications, serving as animal feed, fodder, and human food and beverage, including flour, starch, oil, spices, and culinary herbs. Soybean have been reported to have a variety of pharmacological properties including hepatoprotective activity. It’s effect on the fetus is rather relatively unknown. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effect of soybean (Glycine max) on the histology of fetal liver in Wistar rats. Eighteen (18) adult juvenile Wistar rats with an average weight of 60 g were randomly assigned into three (3) groups (A-C). Group A served as control; Group B was administered 250 mg/Kg body weight of Glycine max; Group C was administered 250 mg/Kg body weight of Glycine max.The administration lasted for 21 days and was done orally using an orogastric tube. After the duration of administration, the animals were weighed, anaesthetized and sacrificed, with the liver processed for routine hematoxylin and eosin staining for histological
evaluation. From this study, results showed a significant decrease (p<0.05) in body weight change in the groups administered Glycine max when compared to control. There was also a significant decrease (p<0.05) in fetal weight and Crown-rump length in the group given 500mg/Kg body weight of Glycine max when compared to control. Histological findings showed relatively normal liver architecture in the groups given Glycine max when compared to control as evidenced by developing hepatocytes radiating from central vein, and sinusoids. In conclusion, findings from this study suggest that Soybean resulted in significant alterations in maternal and fetal health outcomes (especially at 500 mg/Kg body weight dosage). However, the observed effects may be primarily physiological as there were histological alterations.

Soybean is an annual herbaceous legume plant that has diverse applications, serving as animal feed, fodder, and human food and beverage, including flour, starch, oil, spices, and culinary herbs. Soybean have been reported to have a variety of pharmacological properties including hepatoprotective activity. It’s effect on the fetus is rather relatively unknown. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effect of soybean (Glycine max) on the histology of fetal liver in Wistar rats. Eighteen (18) adult juvenile Wistar rats with an average weight of 60 g were randomly assigned into three (3) groups (A-C). Group A served as control; Group B was administered 250 mg/Kg body weight of Glycine max; Group C was administered 250 mg/Kg body weight of Glycine max.The administration lasted for 21 days and was done orally using an orogastric tube. After the duration of administration, the animals were weighed, anaesthetized and sacrificed, with the liver processed for routine hematoxylin and eosin staining for histological evaluation. From this study, results showed a significant decrease (p<0.05) in body weight change in the groups administered lycine max when compared to control. There was also a significant decrease (p<0.05) in fetal weight and Crown-rump length in the group given 500mg/Kg body weight of Glycine max when compared to control. Histological findings showed relatively normal liver architecture in the groups given Glycine max when compared to control as evidenced by developing hepatocytes radiating from central vein, and sinusoids. In conclusion, findings from this study suggest that Soybean resulted in significant alterations in maternal and fetal health outcomes (especially at 500 mg/Kg body weight dosage). However, the observed effects may be primarily physiological as there were histological alterations.

ABSTRACT
Mercury is a common element in the environment that causes oxidative stress in those who are exposed, which in turn causes tissue damage. The role of natural antioxidants, especially those derived from plants is gaining a lot of attention with scientific evidence showing that vegetables, fruits and teas have protective effects and promote good health. Aspalathus linearis, commonly known as Rooibos, is well known for its rich content of different compounds with antioxidant properties. Studies have shown that it has anticarcinogenic, antimutagenic, anti-diabetic, antioxidant, cardio-protective effects. In this study, the neuroprotective activities of Aspalathus linearis (rooibos) was investigated in mercury chloride-induced neurotoxicity in experimental animals. Forty two adult Wistar rats, which weighed an average of 161g, were used for this study. The rats were grouped into seven groups (A, B, C, D, E, F and G), of six rats each. Group A served as the control and were given 1ml of sterile water, Group B (HgCl2) were given 4mg/kg bodyweight of Mercury chloride only, Group C (RBT + HgCl2) were administered 250mg/kg bodyweight aqueous leaf extract of Aspalathus linearis and 4mg/kg bodyweight of Mercury chloride, Group D (RBT + HgCl2) were administered 500mg/kg bodyweight aqueous leaf extract of Aspalathus linearis and 4mg/kg bodyweight of Mercury chloride, Group E (RBT) were administered 500mg/kg bodyweight aqueous leaf extract of Aspalathus linearis only, Group F (Vit E + HgCl2) were administered 500mg/kg bodyweight of vitamin E and 4mg/kg bodyweight of Mercury chloride and Group G(Vit E) were administered 500mg/kg bodyweight of vitamin E only. All administrations were given orally, through an orogastric tube and the experiment lasted for 28 days. At the end of the study period, the rats were weighed and open field test was performed. The rats were euthanized through cervical dislocation and their brains dissected out. Brain weight was recorded and antioxidant parameters such as MDA, GPx and SOD was investigated. Histology of the cerebellum was also examined in all groups. Result shows, in the neurobehavoural activity, for rearing and ambulation a decrease (P < 0.05) was observed in group B when compared with control, however in rearing and ambulation an increase (P > 0.05) was observed in group C, D and F when compared with group B. For grooming and immobility an increase (P > 0.05) was observed in group B when compared with control, however in grooming and immobility a decrease (P < 0.05) was observed in group C, D and F when compared with group B. Result for antioxidant activity showed oxidative stress ( low antioxidant activity) in group B whereas the Control, RBT and Vit. E groups increase in antioxidant activity. Result from histology showed degeneration of the purkinje cells in the purkinje cell layer of the cerebellum in group B when compared with control, however treatment with RBT and Vit. E reversed the effect. In conclusion the findings showed Aspalathus linearis (rooibos) help to attenuate the neurotoxic effect of mercury-chloride on the cerebellum of adult Wistar rat

Herbal extracts which can serve as medicinal plants have been used since ancient times and
even considered the source of modern medicine. Bryphullum pinnatum extracts have been
shown to possess neuroprotective properties potentially useful in treating neurodegenerative
diseases. Bryophyllum pinnatum is a plant used to treat inflammations, infections, and also
have anti cancer properties. This study was carried out to explore the effects of Bryophyllum
pinnatum extract on the cerebrum of Adult Wistar rats.A total of thirty (30) rats weighing
between 140g-200g were randomly assigned into six (6) groups (A,B,C,D,E and F),with five
rats per group. Group A was control group while Group B,C,D,E and F were administered
with Bryophyllum pinnatum extract in doses of 200,400,600,800 and 1000mg/kg
respectively.The rats were acclimatized for a period of two weeks and administered for a
period of four weeks using oral route by the use of orogastric tube. The rats were
anesthesized with chloroform and then sacrificed. The cerebrum was harvested and
immediately fixed for antioxidant stress test and for tissue processing. H&E stains were used
for histological test. The result of the study shows that there was no statistically significant
difference (P<0.05) in the final body weight of rats in entire group compared to it's initial
body weigh except group B where there is a significant change in weight .There was no
statistically significant difference (P<0.05) in cerebrum weight and organo-somatic index. In
the chart showing the antioxidant results, it shows that it is not statistically significant. Histological slides in control group show: molecular, external granular, external pyramidal, internal granular, internal pyramidal and multi-form layers. Group B show: vasodilatation
normal pyramidal neurons with conspicuous nucleoles oligodendrocytes and neuropil. Group
C show: normal neurons with conspicuous nucleoles, oligodendrocytes, neuropril cerebral
vasodilatation. Group D show: normal granular cell neurons with conspicuous nucleoli, normal oligodendrocytes and marked vasodilatation and active congestion. Group E and F
marked show vasodilatation and active congestion, normal granular cells with conspicuous
nucleolus and oligodendrocytes. In conclusion, graded concentration of Bryophyllum
pinnatum induced vasogenic effects and increased protein synthesis in a dose dependent
fashion and it had no adverse effect on it.