2025

This study examines the economic impact of fishing on the Ilaje people, with particular reference to Ayetoro Community between 2015 and 2025. Fishing has remained the primary occupation and source of livelihood for the people of Ayetoro, contributing significantly to household income, employment generation, food security, and local economic development. The study investigates the extent to which fishing activities have influenced the socio-economic well-being of residents, while also assessing the challenges confronting the sector during the period under review. The research adopts a historical and descriptive approach, utilizing both primary and secondary sources of data. Information was gathered through interviews with fishermen, fish traders, community leaders, and relevant stakeholders, while published materials, government reports, and academic literature provided supplementary data. Findings reveal that fishing has played a vital role in sustaining the local economy by creating employment opportunities and supporting related businesses such as fish processing, transportation, and marketing. However, the industry has faced several challenges, including environmental degradation, declining fish stocks, inadequate modern fishing equipment, climate-related factors, and limited governmental support. The study concludes that despite these challenges, fishing remains a crucial economic activity in Ayetoro Community and continues to shape the livelihoods of the Ilaje people. It recommends increased investment in modern fishing technologies, improved environmental protection measures, access to credit facilities, and the formulation of policies aimed at promoting sustainable fisheries development. These measures would enhance productivity, improve living standards, and ensure the long-term viability of fishing as a source of economic growth in the community.

This study examines the sedimentology, geochemical appraisal and palynofacies of the Maastrichtian–Paleocene Araromi Formation, situated in the eastern Dahomey Basin of southwestern Nigeria. The primary objectives is to evaluate the depositional environments, organic matter quality, and the hydrocarbon‐generation potential of the formation, thereby contributing to a broader understanding of the basin’s petroleum system.Integrated field observations and lithological analyses reveal an alternation of sandstones, shales, limestones, and siltstones, which collectively indicate a dynamic depositional system that evolved from fluvial to shallow marine settings. These facies transitions reflect varying energy conditions and sediment supply, suggesting periodic marine incursions during the late Maastrichtian to early Paleocene.Geochemical results show moderate to high Total Organic Carbon (TOC) values, accompanied by Hydrogen Index data consistent with a mixed assemblage of Type I and Type III kerogens. This mixture confirms the presence of both oil-prone and gas-prone organic matter, implying that the Araromi Formation possesses substantial potential for hydrocarbon generation under appropriate thermal maturity conditions.Palynofacies analyses further support these interpretations by revealing moderate palynological diversity. The presence of terrestrial pollen and spores, alongside abundant marine dinoflagellate cysts, confirms deposition during the late Maastrichtian to early Paleocene interval and indicates fluctuating terrestrial and marine influence. Amorphous organic matter dominates the offshore equivalents, suggesting deposition under reducing conditions that favored the preservation of hydrogen-rich organic material.Finally, the combined sedimentological, geochemical, and palynological evidence establishes the Araromi Formation as a significant source rock within the Dahomey Basin. The findings not only enhance understanding of the basin’s stratigraphic evolution and petroleum system but also highlight the formation’s relevance for future hydrocarbon exploration and development in southwestern Nigeria.

A complete system design and implementation abstract framework tailored for your AI-driven spam email detection project is detailed below.AbstractElectronic mail remains a foundational pillar of global digital communication, yet its utility is continuously threatened by the exponential growth of unsolicited messages, phishing attempts, and malware-laden spam. Traditional rule-based and heuristic filters are increasingly obsolete due to their rigidity and inability to adapt to the highly evolving and sophisticated obfuscation tactics employed by modern spammers. To address these critical vulnerabilities, this project designs and implements an intelligent, adaptive Spam Email Detection System leveraging Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques. The primary objective is to build a high-accuracy, real-time pipeline capable of automatically distinguishing legitimate messages ("ham") from malicious content ("spam") with minimal human intervention. The system's structural architecture comprises five core pipelines: data ingestion, text preprocessing, feature engineering, AI model classification, and deployment. During the design phase, raw email datasets (including text body, headers, and metadata) are subjected to rigorous NLP preprocessing, which includes tokenization, stop-word removal, lowercasing, and lemmatization to strip out textual noise. Feature extraction is then executed using TF-IDF (Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency) and Word2Vec embeddings to convert cleaned unstructured text into dense, high-dimensional numerical vectors. For the classification engine, a comparative implementation analysis is conducted using multiple Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL) architectures, specifically Naive Bayes, Support Vector Machines (SVM), Random Forest, and Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BiLSTM) networks. The implementation was developed using Python and integrated into a responsive web application dashboard via the Flask framework, allowing users to input raw text or connect live mailboxes for real-time scanning. Experimental evaluation of the models on standard benchmark datasets (such as the Enron and UCI Spam SMS/Email datasets) demonstrates that the BiLSTM deep learning approach, when paired with semantic word embeddings, yields the highest performance, achieving an accuracy rate exceeding 98.2%, exceptional precision, and a drastically reduced false-positive rate. The results prove that integrating AI-driven semantic understanding into email security infrastructure provides a scalable, highly adaptive defensive barrier capable of continuously learning from new spam patterns and significantly hardening enterprise cybersecurity posture.

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways of the lungs, characterised by bronchoconstriction, mucus hypersecretion, and infiltration of inflammatory cells. Standard asthma therapies such as salbutamol, montelukast and prednisolone are effective in alleviating symptoms, yet their histological impact on lung tissue remains incompletely understood. This study evaluated the effects of salbutamol, montelukast and prednisolone on lung tissue histology in Ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthmatic female Sprague-Dawley rats. Forty female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five groups (n=8); negative control, positive control, salbutamol treated, montelukast treated and prednisolone treated. Asthma was induced in Groups 2–5 using a modified ovalbumin (OVA) protocol. Rats were sensitized via intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of 1 mg OVA emulsified in 20 mg aluminium hydroxide on days 1 and 7. From day 14, sensitized rats were challenged by exposure to aerosolized 1% OVA solution for 15 minutes per session, twice weekly for 28 days. After confirmation of asthma treatment, at end of the experiment, lungs were excised, fixed in 10% formalin, sectioned, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). Histological changes were assessed using light microscopy at 400x magnification. The negative control group exhibited normal pulmonary architecture with intact bronchi and alveolar sacs. The OVAinduced positive control group showed hyperplasia of bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) and follicular bronchiolitis. In contrast, lungs from rats treated with salbutamol, montelukast, and prednisolone demonstrated preserved histoarchitecture with minimal inflammatory infiltration and normal alveolar and bronchial structures, comparable to those of the control group. Conclusion: Treatment with salbutamol, montelukast, or prednisolone effectively ameliorated histopathological alterations associated with OVA-induced asthma in female Sprague-Dawley rats. These findings confirm the protective and restorative effects of these drugs on lung tissue integrity in experimental asthma.

This study investigated the microbial source tracking of faecal bacterial pathogens in Ogba River, Benin City, Nigeria. Water samples collected from different locations were analyzed using standard cultural, morphological, Gram staining, and biochemical techniques. The isolates identified were Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., and Staphylococcus aureus. E. coli and other Gram-negative rods indicated fecal contamination while S. aureus reflected anthropogenic input from human activities. Biochemical results confirmed the pathogenic potential of the isolates. The detection of these organisms demonstrates that Ogba River is contaminated with both human and animal wastes, posing serious public health risks. The result highlights the effectiveness of microbial source tracking in identifying contamination origins and emphasizes the need for regular water quality monitoring, improved sanitation, and proper waste management to prevent disease outbreaks and protect community health.

This research work centered on the effects of stress on employees productivity,
and performance using the Notre Dame Table Water employees as a case
study. Stress in this context has been recently known as a significant problem
which that affect the job performance, productivity and also the employees’
health generally. Six research questions and two research hypotheses were
adopted in this study. The major objective or purpose of the study is to
examine or assess the effect of stress on employees’ productivity and
performance among Notre Dame Table Water employees. In achieving this,
the descriptive survey research design was adopted. The population of the
study comprised of all employees of Notre Dame Table Water, of which has
three departments; administrative department having 5 employees, Sales
department having 32 employees and production department having 65
employees. This gives a total of 102 employees of Notre Dame Table Water.
Data collected through the administered questionnaires, were analysed using
the descriptive statistics of frequency distribution and percentages and the
inferential statistics of involved the use of ANOVA. From the findings, it was
revealed that there is high level of stress felt among Notre Dame Table Water
employee. Also, the study also revealed that dysfunctional stress lowers the
performance and productivity of employees as well as reduce job commitment.
The researcher recommended there should be well defined job functions and
clearly stated job roles, Management should also invest in stress management
strategies that will help increase job performance and productivity and finally
Management should improve working environment to enable carrying out of
job functions easy and reduce stress

This study evaluates the use of digital technologies within the Quantity Surveying practice in Benin City, Edo State, amid global trends of digital transformation in construction. Through comprehensive data collection from local professionals, the research identifies a pronounced awareness of foundational digital tools like Microsoft Excel and AutoCAD alongside limited practical use of advanced technologies such as Building Information Modeling (BIM) and specialized cost management software. The findings reveal significant barriers rooted in high costs, inadequate infrastructure, skill gaps, and resistance to change, which collectively hinder the full integration of digital solutions despite acknowledged operational benefits including increased speed, productivity, and accuracy. Anchored in the Technology Acceptance Model and Diffusion of Innovations theory, the study underscores the critical gap between awareness and usage, highlighting the need for targeted training, supportive policy frameworks, and infrastructural development to bridge this divide. The research contributes to a nuanced understanding of digital adoption challenges in developing contexts and proposes a strategic roadmap to enhance digital capacity, fostering modernization and competitiveness of the Quantity Surveying profession in Benin City

Between 1990 and 2020, West Africa made significant strides toward democratic consolidation, creating the impression that the era of the coup d'état was a relic of the post-independence past. However, the period between 2021 and 2024 witnessed a dramatic and unsettling reversal of this trend, characterized by a rapid succession of military takeovers in Mali, Guinea, Burkina Faso, and Niger—a geopolitical stretch now colloquially termed the "Coup Belt." This study examines the structural drivers, triggers, and implications of this contemporary resurgence of military interventions in West Africa. Utilizing a qualitative research design rooted in frustrated-democratization and structural-functionalism theories, the study relies on content analysis of secondary data, including academic literature, regional security reports, and institutional data from ECOWAS and the African Union. The findings reveal that the recent wave of coups is not merely an isolated series of military opportunism, but a symptomatic reflection of a deeper "crisis of trust" and democratic legitimacy. The resurgence is primarily driven by three intersecting catalysts: pervasive governance failures coupled with systemic corruption, a catastrophic escalation of jihadist insurgencies and insecurity in the Sahel, and public disillusionment with civilian leaders who manipulate constitutional term limits. Furthermore, the study highlights a shifting geopolitical paradigm, noting how regional juntas have actively weaponized populist, anti-colonial sentiment (particularly against France) to garner domestic civilian support, while pivoting toward new security alliances with external actors like Russia. Finally, the study analyzes the structural limitations of ECOWAS and the African Union, whose traditional toolkits of economic sanctions and political suspensions have largely failed to deter coup leaders or expedite democratic transitions. The study concludes that mitigating the threat of future military takeovers requires a normative shift from merely penalizing unconstitutional changes of government to proactively addressing the "democratic deficits" and institutional decay that legitimize military interventions in the eyes of the public.

This study assessed the physicochemical and microbial characteristics of sediments from the Orhionmwon River, Edo State. The result of the average mean concentration of the physicochemical and microbial parameter are 5.03 ± 0.20( PH), 43.67 ± 10.44 µS/cm, 1212.61 ± 165.52 mg/kg (calcium), 287.33 ± 93.92 mg/kg (Magnesium), 297.91 ± 81.39 mg/kg, (Potassium) 161.62 ± 32.71 mg/kg (sodium), 0.05 ± 0.01 (Nitrogen), 0.51- 0.16 (TOC), 92.18 ± 2.39(sand), 5.94- 2.38(clay), 1.88 - 0.03(slit), 27.24 ± 10.41(THC), 4.00 ± 1.01 (THC), 1.52 ±0.31(THF), 73.11 ± 11.39( E.coil), and 187.78 - 36.46 (coliform) respectively . Sand and slit showed no significant difference (p>0.05), why pH, EC, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, nitrogen, TOC, clay, THC, THB, THF, E.coli and coliform respectively exhibit a significant difference (p <0.05) across the three sampling stations . The study concluded that the microbial parameters in the sediments were very high. The findings highlight both natural geological influence and serious human impact, posing a clear public health risk. It recommends regular sediment monitoring and urgent improvements in waste management to protect both the environment and community health.

This study examined the Impact of Unethical Accounting Practices on Financial Reporting Quality of Manufacturing Firms in Nigeria. The study specifically examined the common unethical accounting practices prevalent in Nigerian manufacturing firms. The study examined the major causes of unethical practices by accounting professionals. The survey design was adopted and the simple random sampling techniques were employed in this study. The population size comprises of selected staff of Sumal Foods Limited in Oyo State. In determining the sample size, the researcher conveniently selected 80 respondents and 72 were validated. Selfconstructed and validated questionnaire was used for data collection. The collected and validated questionnaires were analyzed using frequency tables and mean scores, while the hypotheses were tested using ANOVA statistical tool. The result of the findings reveals that the common unethical accounting practices prevalent in Nigerian manufacturing firms includes; falsifying financial statements to mislead stakeholders, manipulating inventory levels to inflate profits is a frequent practice, underreporting expenses to enhance profitability is widely practiced and engaging in related-party transactions without proper disclosure is common. Therefore, The study suggests that accounting professional bodies in Nigeria should advocate for stricter penalties for auditors who misconduct themselves, similar to practices in other countries.