2024

The aim of this study is to understand the significance of montelukast, hydrocortisone and salbutamol on the lung histology and antioxidant levels in asthma induced Sprague Dawley rats. Chronic asthma is a respiratory disease characterized by oxidative stress and inflammation of the airways. Montelukast, hydrocotisone and salbutamol are drugs that are often used to treat asthma. Their impact on endogenous antioxidant levels in asthmatic conditions are yet to be clearly defined. Medication for asthma might include corticosteroids (like hydrocotisone), leukotrine receptor antagonists (like Montelukast) and Beta 2-adrenergic receptors (like salbutamol). Free radicals may be neutralized by antioxidants, which also lessen oxidative stress in the body. As a selective antagonist of the leukotriene D4 (LTD4) receptor, montelukast acts by preventing the body's production of leukotrienes, which are substances that promote inflammation and constriction of the airways when they come into contact with allergen. Other classes of drugs also prove useful in bronchodilation. Five (5) primary groups of Sprague Dawley rats were grouped (control, negative control and test groups). Group 1 control was not induced with asthma, Group 2, negative control was induced with asthma but not treated. These two groups make up the control group. Group 3 was induced with asthma and
treated with salbutamol, Group 4 was induced with asthma and treated with montelukast, while Group 5 was induced with asthma and treated with Hydrocortisone. These three groups make up the test group, five rats in each group. The rats were sensitized to 1mg ovalbumin and 20mg Aluminium hydroxide dissolved in 0.9 saline, and then they were challenged with ovalbumin 1 % w/v adsorbed in 0.9 saline, twice weekly for four weeks (28 days), using a Medal family nebulizer. This caused the rats to develop asthma. After the Conclusion of treatment, the rats were sacrificed and their lungs were extracted for histological assay, while 1ml of blood is extracted for measurement of antioxidants using the spectrophotometric method, following reagent manufacturers guidelines. Measurements were made of the amounts of endogenous antioxidants, such as glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH). The findings demonstrated that there was statistically significant increase in superoxide dimutase and malondialdehyde levels in the negative control in comparison to the control group, while there was a statistically significant decrease in catalase and glutathione levels in the negative control group in comparison to the control group. Super-Oxide Dismutase was considerably increased after treatment with all classes of drugs. There was no statistically significant variance in catalase level noticed among the test group. Glutathione peroxidase was only significantly in the group treated with salbutamol, it showed no significant variance in other drug administration. There was significant increase in malondialdehyde in all groups except salbutamol. All test groups had considerably lower glutathione levels than the control group. As a result, the research concludes that some antioxidant levels (except glutathione) can be significantly
increased with the given drugs, reducing oxidative stress in lung tissues.

The aim of this study is to understand the significance of montelukast, hydrocortisone and salbutamol on the lung histology and antioxidant levels in asthma induced Sprague Dawley rats. Chronic asthma is a respiratory disease characterized by oxidative stress and inflammation of the airways. Montelukast, hydrocotisone and salbutamol are drugs that are often used to treat asthma. Their impact on endogenous antioxidant levels in asthmatic conditions are yet to be clearly defined. Medication for asthma might include corticosteroids (like hydrocotisone), leukotrine receptor antagonists (like Montelukast) and Beta 2-adrenergic receptors (like salbutamol). Free radicals may be neutralized by antioxidants, which also lessen oxidative stress in the body. As a selective antagonist of the leukotriene D4 (LTD4) receptor, montelukast acts by preventing the body's production of leukotrienes, which are substances that promote inflammation and constriction of the airways when they come into contact with allergen. Other classes of drugs also prove useful in bronchodilation. Five (5) primary groups of Sprague Dawley rats were grouped (control, negative control and test groups). Group 1 control was not induced with asthma, Group 2, negative control was induced with asthma but not treated. These two groups make up the control group. Group 3 was induced with asthma and
treated with salbutamol, Group 4 was induced with asthma and treated with montelukast, while Group 5 was induced with asthma and treated with Hydrocortisone. These three groups make up the test group, five rats in each group. The rats were sensitized to 1mg ovalbumin and 20mg Aluminium hydroxide dissolved in 0.9 saline, and then they were challenged with ovalbumin 1 % w/v adsorbed in 0.9 saline, twice weekly for four weeks (28 days), using a Medal family nebulizer. This caused the rats to develop asthma. After the Conclusion of treatment, the rats were sacrificed and their lungs were extracted for histological assay, while 1ml of blood is extracted for measurement of antioxidants using the spectrophotometric method, following reagent manufacturers guidelines. Measurements were made of the amounts of endogenous antioxidants, such as glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH). The findings demonstrated that there was statistically significant increase in superoxide dimutase and malondialdehyde levels in the negative control in comparison to the control group, while there was a statistically significant decrease in catalase and glutathione levels in the negative control group in comparison to the control group. Super-Oxide Dismutase was considerably increased after treatment with all classes of drugs. There was no statistically significant variance in catalase level noticed among the test group. Glutathione peroxidase was only significantly in the group treated with salbutamol, it showed no significant variance in other drug administration. There was significant increase in malondialdehyde in all groups except salbutamol. All test groups had considerably lower glutathione levels than the control group. As a result, the research concludes that some antioxidant levels (except glutathione) can be significantly
increased with the given drugs, reducing oxidative stress in lung tissues.

A pterygium is a wing shaped hyperplastic and fibrovascular growth of the conjunctiva encroaching onto the cornea. Cell apoptosis and cell proliferation processes are strongly associated with the development and progression of pterygium. Esthetic concerns, irregular astigmatism, decreased vision and blindness are important issues associated with this condition if left untreated. Commercial motorcyclists in Benin City, Nigeria, have been found to have a high prevalence of pterygium. There has been a dearth of information about pterygium prevalence among commercial bus drivers in Benin Metropolis. This research paper seeks to highlight the prevalence, severity and pattern distribution of pterygium among this group. A total of one hundred and twenty two (122) commercial bus drivers with one to five years driving experience in Benin Metropolis was included in the study. A questionnaire which was divided into two parts A and B was administered to the subjects. Visual acuity was measured using the Snellen's literate and Tumbling letter "E' chart under standard testing conditions in order to determine the level of vision and for legal purposes. Penlight was used for external examination to determine the position and extent of pterygium

This essay reveals the challenges women face in Nigeria with specific reference to the events in Okoh's In Our Own Voices and Doyin Agouru Refugees of the Great Lakes. The main objective of this study is to assess the predicament of women who are faced with Domestic violence and commodification in Nigeria. This study is analyzed through the Use of primary research, drawing data from both plays (In Our Own Voices and Refugees Of the Great Lakes). Women rights are perpetually compromised and violated by the laws and cultures of human societies, making it exigent for women to cry out against socio-cultural practices militating against them. This essay adopts the feminist perspective which focuses on two major predicament women experiences: domestic violence and commodification of women. It is also based on the foregoing that the study recommends the need for the traditional societies in Nigeria to review their cultural values with the view to expunge traditions that infringe on human rights.

The study investigated the impact of teachers’ qualification on students’ academic performance in Economics in public senior secondary schools in Oredo Local Government Area of Edo State. To achieve the purpose of the study, four research questions were raised and examined. The sample size for the study was made up of one hundred (100) respondents randomly selected from20 public secondary schools in Oredo Local Government Area of Edo State. The questionnaire was the instrument for data collection. The descriptive survey research design was adopted for the study. An analysis of data was done using frequency count and simple percentage. The findings from the study include that there is significant impact of teachers’ qualification on students’ academic performance in Economics in public senior secondary schools in Oredo Local Government Area of Edo State. It was concluded that there is a significant impact of teachers’ qualification on students’ participation in classroom activities in Economics in public senior secondary schools in Oredo Local Government Area of Edo State.

Information and Communication Technology (or Technologies) is the acquisition, processing, storage, and dissemination of vocal, pictorial, textual, and numerical information by a microelectronics-based combination of computing and telecommunications (Karl, 1961). According to UNESCO “ICT is a scientific, technological and engineering discipline and management technique used in handling information, its application and association with social, economic, and cultural matters”. ICT is a branch of Information Technology (IT) that emphasizes the communication technologies that affect our society and how we communicate or share data or information. Four main types of communication devices help with the ease of sharing information across the globe, these are the internet, television, radio, and telephone. ICT has been defined by many scholars and authors over the years and the definitions are central to the sharing of information for easier communication

Fish is a vital source of dietary protein for many Nigerians, but domestic production has not kept pace with population growth, leading to increased reliance on imports. Traditional preservation methods like smoking play a key role in ensuring year-round availability, but also raise concerns around contaminants and health risks. This study investigates consumer preferences and perceptions regarding fresh versus smoked fish in Benin City, Nigeria. The background highlights that fish is highly perishable, requiring techniques like drying, smoking, freezing, and brining to extend shelf life. Smoking remains the dominant preservation method in Nigeria, offering benefits in accessibility and shelf-life, but also potential quality and safety issues. Limited research has explored consumer choices between fresh and smoked fish products, especially in inland urban areas. This study assesses the extent to which cultural, economic, and health/safety factors influence consumer preferences for fresh versus smoked fish. It also identifies key demographic segments and their buying behaviors. Surveys will be conducted with fish consumers at major markets and the university community in Benin City. The findings can provide important insights to help the fishing industry, retailers, and policymakers better meet evolving consumer demand for fresh and processed fish products in Nigeria.

This project explores the significant role of costume and make-up in the promotion and preservation of cultural heritage. Costume and make-up are integral elements of cultural expression, serving as powerful tools for visual storytelling and cultural identity reinforcement. Despite their potential, these elements are often underappreciated and underutilized in cultural promotion efforts. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the importance of costume and make-up in cultural promotion and advocate for their increased use in cultural initiatives. The study employs a qualitative research approach, using case studies from various cultural performances and media to illustrate the impact of costume and make-up on cultural promotion. Through in-depth analysis, the study examines how traditional and contemporary practices in costume and make-up contribute to the preservation of cultural heritage and the engagement of diverse audiences. Findings reveal that costume and make-up not only enhance the aesthetic appeal of cultural performances but also play a crucial role in conveying cultural narratives and values. These elements help to bridge the gap between generations, ensuring that cultural traditions are passed down and appreciated by younger audiences. Additionally, costume and make-up can serve as educational tools, providing insights into the customs, beliefs, and history of different cultures. Recommendations from this study emphasize the need for greater recognition of the role of costume and make-up in cultural promotion. Cultural organizations, educators, and media producers are encouraged to integrate these elements into their programs and productions to foster a deeper appreciation of cultural heritage. By doing so, they can contribute to the preservation and celebration of cultural diversity, ensuring that
cultural traditions continue to thrive in a rapidly globalizing world

The purpose of this study is to investigate punishment and reward as correlates on discipline among senior secondary school students, and punishment and reward on discipline by sex and age.It also discusses on the importance of this study to parents, teachers, school administrators and students in Ovia-North East Local government in Edo State. The Study adopted the descriptive research design with the population consisting of 4,807 senior secondary schools from the 28 senior secondary
schools in the local government. A sample of 100 students were selected using multi stage sampling technique to select 5 schools from the 28 schools on Ovia-North East Local government,the study used questionnaires for data collection instrument and data was analyzed using descriptive statistics to establish the relationship between punishment and reward on discipline
among senior secondary school students.To test the reliability of the instrument, the Cronbach Alpha Statistics was used.The reliability of the study was .869.Data collected was analyzed using descriptive statistics such as frequency count and simple percentage. The findings revealed that both rewards and punishments play significant roles on discipline among senior secondary school students in Edo state. Rewards, particularly intrinsic ones like praise and recognition, were found to be effective in motivating students and promoting discipline as well as punishment.

This study examined the concepts of peace, peace education and its essence towards achieving a socially reconstructed Nigerian society where peace and harmony reign. It therefore sought to establish the role of peace education in social reconstruction, explore the essence and nature of peace education for social reconstruction in Nigeria, and draw attention to the epistemic import of peace education and role of the teacher and learners in social reconstruction. It also discussed how peace education is reflected in the Nigeria’s basic education system. Five research questions were raised to guide the study. The traditional philosophical methods of philosophizing namely speculative, analytical and prescriptive methodologies were employed. These methods clarified, explicated, evaluated and brought to bear the epistemic essence of peace education as a necessary form of education that can guarantee a true socially reconstructed Nigerian society where the Nigeria child or learner would see himself as an agent of peace, and thus contribute to the reconstruction of the Nigerian society and general development through purposive reflective thinking