E.O. Aluyor

This study investigates a plant-based surfactant alternative as a result of the growing need for Surfactants that are both economical and ecologically friendly for enhanced oil recovery. These research project comprises the study of enhance oil recovery with it crucial application of Natural surfactant from bitter leaf extract , while using alkaline from calcined corn cob ash to form basic medium . Corn cobs were calcined for 3 hours at 750°C to produce the alkali, which was then extracted using distilled water to produce the alkaline for the medium, the extraction process for the bitter leaf to extract the saponin content to produce the surfactant The extraction process was carried out according to the experimental design with 19 runs with independent variables of extraction time (30-300 minutes) ,mass of bitterleaf (1-10grams) and temperature
(50-90 degree census),and a constant volume of 100 ml of methanol with a single response yield (%), Alkaline surfactant was also produced using alkaline hydrolysis of the saponin was carried out to form the surfactant and75ml of the saponin was mixed with 25ml of the ash solution. Various Physical characteristics was carried out in the process such as forth test where 2.0 gms portion of the powdered sample was boiled into 20ml of distilled water in a test tube in boiling water bath and filtered , 10ml of the filtrate was mixed with 5ml of distilled water and shaken vigorously to foam, Total Saponin Content Quantitative Analysis where a quantity ,1.0 gms of the powdered sample was weighed using electric weighing balance into 25ml beaker and soaked with 100 ml of 20% Methanol for 3 minutes and heated for 3 hours at 55 degree
census for proper extraction then filtered and lastly . The volume and stability of the emulsion was observed and the emulsion index was calculated.

Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) is a wastewater byproduct of palm oil production, characterized by its high organic content and potential pollutant to water bodies and capable of causing significant environmental damage. This study therefore seeks to evaluate the treatment methods by coagulation and adsorption processes to remove suspended solids and pollutants, thereby purifying the wastewater for safe discharge or reuse. These methods are essential for environmental protection, resource recovery, and economic sustainability. The POME sample was collected, diluted, and analyzed to determine its physicochemical properties before treatment. Its pH was adjusted to both acidic and alkaline conditions using hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide, monitored with pH indicator paper. Processed periwinkle shell powder served as a natural coagulant and adsorbent. Standard laboratory instruments were used to assess parameters such as pH, turbidity, total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, and salinity before and after treatment. The study evaluated the effects of coagulant dosage, contact time, and pH on the treatment of Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) using a periwinkle shell–chitosan composite. Significant reductions in total dissolved solids (TDS) and salinity were achieved at moderate dosages (0.55– 0.82 g/L), contact times of 105–150 minutes, and near-neutral pH (7–8.2), showing effective coagulation and adsorption. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed crystalline peaks at 2θ values of 23.9°, 26.5°, 27.5°, 33.4°, 36.4°, 38.1°, 41.4°, 43.1°, 46.0°, 48.6°, 50.5°, and 53.1°, corresponding to aragonite, muscovite, quartz, and orthoclase phases. Crystallite sizes (111–702 Å) confirmed a fine heterogeneous structure with high surface activity, making the composite suitable for efficient and sustainable POME purification

Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) is a wastewater byproduct of palm oil production, characterized by its high organic content and potential pollutant to water bodies and capable of causing significant environmental damage. This study therefore seeks to evaluate the treatment methods by coagulation and adsorption processes to remove suspended solids and pollutants, thereby purifying the wastewater for safe discharge or reuse. These methods are essential for environmental protection, resource recovery, and economic sustainability. The POME sample was collected, diluted, and analyzed to determine its physicochemical properties before treatment. Its pH was adjusted to both acidic and alkaline conditions using hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide, monitored with pH indicator paper. Processed periwinkle shell powder served as a natural coagulant and adsorbent. Standard laboratory instruments were used to assess parameters such as pH, turbidity, total dissolved solids, electrical
conductivity, and salinity before and after treatment. The study evaluated the effects of coagulant dosage, contact time, and pH on the treatment of Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) using a periwinkle shell–chitosan composite. Significant reductions in total dissolved solids (TDS) and salinity were achieved at moderate dosages (0.55– 0.82 g/L), contact times of 105–150 minutes, and near-neutral pH (7–8.2), showing effective coagulation and adsorption. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed crystalline peaks at 2θ values of 23.9°, 26.5°, 27.5°, 33.4°, 36.4°, 38.1°, 41.4°, 43.1°, 46.0°, 48.6°, 50.5°, and 53.1°, corresponding to aragonite, muscovite, quartz, and orthoclase phases. Crystallite sizes (111–702 Å) confirmed a fine heterogeneous structure with high surface activity, making the composite suitable for efficient and sustainable POME purification

This study addresses the growing demand for renewable energy and sustainable chemical processes by investigating the production of a novel, bifunctional heterogeneous catalyst derived from readily available waste banana peels, zeolite, and periwinkle shells for biodiesel synthesis. The methodology involved systematic catalyst synthesis from the three precursor materials through calcination at 800°C for 3 hours, followed by characterization using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to confirm Ca–Si–Ti oxide phase formation and identify crystalline structures contributing to catalytic activity. Feedstock physicochemical properties including acid value, iodine value, saponification value, density, and viscosity were determined. Simplex lattice mixture design optimized the neem oil-waste cooking oil blending ratio for maximum free fatty acid reduction. The transesterification process employed response surface methodology (RSM) with 29 experimental runs to optimize reaction parameters: time (30–150 minutes), temperature (40–80°C), catalyst loading (1–10 wt%), and methanol-to-oil ratio (3:1–10:1). Kinetic studies determined reaction order and activation energy, while gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyzed the fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) composition of the produced biodiesel.