adsorption

Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) is a wastewater byproduct of palm oil production, characterized by its high organic content and potential pollutant to water bodies and capable of causing significant environmental damage. This study therefore seeks to evaluate the treatment methods by coagulation and adsorption processes to remove suspended solids and pollutants, thereby purifying the wastewater for safe discharge or reuse. These methods are essential for environmental protection, resource recovery, and economic sustainability. The POME sample was collected, diluted, and analyzed to determine its physicochemical properties before treatment. Its pH was adjusted to both acidic and alkaline conditions using hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide, monitored with pH indicator paper. Processed periwinkle shell powder served as a natural coagulant and adsorbent. Standard laboratory instruments were used to assess parameters such as pH, turbidity, total dissolved solids, electrical
conductivity, and salinity before and after treatment. The study evaluated the effects of coagulant dosage, contact time, and pH on the treatment of Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) using a periwinkle shell–chitosan composite. Significant reductions in total dissolved solids (TDS) and salinity were achieved at moderate dosages (0.55– 0.82 g/L), contact times of 105–150 minutes, and near-neutral pH (7–8.2), showing effective coagulation and adsorption. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed crystalline peaks at 2θ values of 23.9°, 26.5°, 27.5°, 33.4°, 36.4°, 38.1°, 41.4°, 43.1°, 46.0°, 48.6°, 50.5°, and 53.1°, corresponding to aragonite, muscovite, quartz, and orthoclase phases. Crystallite sizes (111–702 Å) confirmed a fine heterogeneous structure with high surface activity, making the composite suitable for efficient and sustainable POME purification

This study utilized cellulose for the adsorption of Zn(II) from aqueous solution via batch adsorption process. The effect of the adsorption parameters: Adsorbent Dosage, Initial Concentrations, and Contact time were investigated. examined under various conditions using heavy metal ion (Zn 2+ ) as the adsorbate. The amounts of Zn(II) adsorbed were estimated by using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer. It was found to obey the langmuir isotherm as it gave the best fit to the isotherm data. The result of kinetic studies revealed that the adsorption process obeyed pseudo-second order. After the completion of the adsorption process of Zn(II), the result obtained shows that cellulose can be used as an effective adsorbent for the removal of Zinc ion (Zn 2+ ) from aqueous solution