GEOFFERY NWODO

Land use and land cover (LULC) changes significantly influence urban planning, environmental management, and sustainable development. This study examines LULC dynamics in Delta State, Nigeria, over multiple years using Sentinel-2 satellite imagery and Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques. As one of Nigeria’s rapidly urbanizing regions, Delta State has witnessed extensive land cover transformations, driven by urban expansion, infrastructure growth, and economic activities.
Utilizing Sentinel-2 images from 2018, 2021, and 2024, alongside a projected land-cover model for 2030, this study employs supervised classification techniques to analyze land-cover transitions over time. Findings reveal that built-up areas increased by approximately 29% from 2018 to 2024, largely driven by urban expansion and infrastructural development. Conversely, dense vegetation cover declined by about 10.6%, primarily due to deforestation and land conversion for agricultural and residential purposes. Cropland expanded significantly by 27.8%, reflecting the ongoing transformation of vegetated areas into farmland, while bare land rose by 43%, associated with vegetation degradation and construction activities. Water bodies exhibited a moderate increase of 33.6%, likely influenced by expanded reservoirs and hydrological variations. Future projections for 2030 suggest that built-up areas will continue expanding at an accelerated rate, with a potential 31.7% increase from 2024, further intensifying pressure on natural ecosystems. Dense vegetation is expected to decline slightly, while cropland continues to expand, underscoring
growing agricultural demands. Bare land may decrease as some areas transition to built-up or reclaimed zones, and water bodies are projected to increase marginally. These trends, if sustained, could exacerbate environmental challenges such as biodiversity loss, flooding, and urban heat island effects, emphasizing the need for sustainable land-use planning and effective conservation
measures

Water distribution plays a vital role in ensuring the sustainability and functionality of institutional environments. The University of Benin (UNIBEN), Ugbowo Campus, has experienced increasing water supply challenges over the years due to population growth, uneven distribution, leakages, and aging infrastructure. This project focused on the application of Geographic Information System (GIS) technology to analyze and manage the existing water distribution network of the campus with the aim of improving efficiency, monitoring, and future planning. Both spatial and non-spatial data were obtained through field surveys, and records from the UNIBEN Works Department. The data were processed and integrated into a geospatial database using ArcGIS 10.8 and Google Earth. The study involved the generation of a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and 3D terrain analysis to determine the relationship between topography and water flow. Population projection and water demand analysis were carried out using the compound growth rate method and standard per capita consumption rate of 150 litres per person per day. The results showed that the campus terrain ranges from 74 to 121 metres above mean sea level, with the UNIBEN Water Scheme strategically located at the highest elevation to support a gravity-fed distribution system. The projected population increased from 40,320 in 2015 to 76,576 in 2040, representing an 89.9% rise over the 25-year design period. Consequently, the maximum daily water demand was estimated to increase from approximately 10.89 million litres in 2015 to 20.68 million litres in 2040. The pipeline network mapping revealed a well-structured system composed mainly of Asbestos Cement (AC) and PVC pipes, though aging sections require replacement. iv In conclusion, the integration of GIS technology proved to be an effective tool for analyzing, managing, and visualizing water distribution systems. The study provides a comprehensive spatial database that can assist the University in maintenance planning, leak detection, infrastructure upgrading, and sustainable water management. It also demonstrates that GIS-based approaches can significantly improve decision-making in institutional water supply systems and serve as a model for similar environments across Nigeria.