DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS

As technology improves, it has slowly and efficiently been embedded into every part of life. With the advent of communication protocols, organizations have turned to building gadgets that can interact with one other over communication protocols. This has extended into the homes and how we can use these communication protocols to build a smart home where appliances and energy consumption can be controlled remotely. This project focuses on the Smart Room Control System with Temperature DisplayusingArduino is a project that aims to create an automated and efficient solution for controlling various appliances like bulbs, fans, and an air conditioner (AC) within a room. The system will also provide real-time temperature monitoring for better comfort and energy management. The core of this project is an Arduino microcontroller that communicates with the appliances and temperature sensors to enable seamless automation and control.

The Digitally Programmable Temperature/Time-Based Control System puts forth a system which enables users to choose the preferred temperature for the water to be heated while the device is in the temperature mode. The design is built with the objective of implementing a digital temperature monitoring circuit that will collect the temperature of water and send the value, digitally to a microcontroller and to create an alerting mechanism that will be in the form of an audio alarm and a visual display to alert the operator that an operation is done. By also providing precise temperature regulation and accurate timing the water heater will turn on when the user sets the desired temperature via the input switches, and the screen will begin counting down from the chosen time to zero. A signal from the microcontroller will be sent to the transistor's base through the resistor when the water reaches the specified temperature, cutting off the power to the heater. In order to activate the relay, the transistor must become saturated. Given that the heater is linked to the relay's typically open contact, the water heater will be turned off. The flow chart were established, which helped with the proper circuit diagram design and simulations utilizing electrical simulation software like PROTEUS ISIS. The MIDE-written assembly language program was translated to machine code using TOPWIN6, and then burnt into the microcontroller IC using a universal programmer. The 555 timer, which is connected in the Astable mode, will be activated at the same moment by the microcontroller depending on the written program stored in its ROM. This will enable the buzzer to pulse and an alarm to sound with an LED flashing. The complete system operates on a 5 volts power supply which is
obtained from the public mains. This design makes use of an efficient and low-cost technology for controlling the appliances thus minimizing the power wastage. The results showed that the developed system provided accurate temperature control with a deviation of less than 1°C, and precise timing control with a deviation of less than 5 seconds.

The Digitally Programmable Temperature/Time-Based Control System puts forth a system which enables users to choose the preferred temperature for the water to be heated while the device is in the temperature mode. The design is built with the objective of implementing a digital temperature monitoring circuit that will collect the temperature of water and send the value, digitally to a microcontroller and to create an alerting mechanism that will be in the form of an audio alarm and a visual display to alert the operator that an operation is done. By also providing precise temperature regulation and accurate timing the water heater will turn on when the user sets the desired temperature via the input switches, and the screen will begin counting down from the chosen time to zero. A signal from the microcontroller will be sent to the transistor's base through the resistor when the water reaches the specified temperature, cutting off the power to the heater. In order to activate the relay, the transistor must become saturated. Given that the heater is linked to the relay's typically open contact, the water heater will be turned off. The flow chart were established, which helped with the proper circuit diagram design and simulations utilizing electrical simulation software like PROTEUS ISIS. The MIDE-written assembly language program was translated to machine code using OPWIN6, and then burnt into the microcontroller IC using a universal programmer. The 555 timer, which is connected in the
Astable mode, will be activated at the same moment by the microcontroller depending on the written program stored in its ROM. This will enable the buzzer to pulse and an alarm to sound with an LED flashing. The complete system operates on a 5 volts power supply which is obtained from the public mains. This design makes use of an efficient and low-cost technology
for controlling the appliances thus minimizing the power wastage. The results showed that the developed system provided accurate temperature control with a deviation of less than 1°C, and precise timing control with a deviation

The study is focused on the measurement of temperature using fiber optic sensor using an OTDR to measure attenuation

This study examines gully erosion in Uniben, Ovia North East Local Government Area in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria, using a combination of remote sensing and electrical resistivity approaches. Using the Wenner-Schlumberger array, fourteen profiles were used for 2D Electrical Resistivity Imaging (ERI), and RES2DINV was used to analyze the results. The Inverted 2D Resistivity structure from the study region is used to portray the data in this model in a color-coded manner.The section's vertical scale represents the depths, measured in meters, and its horizontal scale represents the lateral distance. A maximum spread of 200 meters was modelled, and all profiles were examined down to a comparable depth of 39.6 meters. The 2-D resistivity structure
analysis indicates that alluvium, laterite, and clay are present in the first four layers near the surface (12.6 – 31.9 m), and that this presence increases significantly as one descends (31.9 –39.6 m) to suggest that sand (alluvium and Laterite) may be the primary cause of the gully in the area. By integrating geoelectric sections derived from the 2D data, the study delineates the lithostratigraphy of the study area, predominantly identifying sand formations down to a depth of approximately 27 meters.
Moreover, the research includes the application of remote sensing techniques to monitor gully development over time and estimate the extent of gully erosion in the area. It encompasses Digital Elevation Models, as illustrated by heat maps, that employ the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) to evaluate the vulnerability of gully erosion in the studied region. The five zones on the NDVI maps are red, yellow, and green, respectively, denoting places that are very vulnerable to gully erosion, areas that are moderately prone, and areas that are less susceptible. NDVI data were calculated for each season during a four-year period, giving a multi-dimensional picture of the environmental changes in the area.

In this work, the structural, mechanical, and electronic properties of PbSeperovskite materials are investigated in detail ab initio using spin-polarizedDFT, using the Ultra Soft Pseudopotential (USPP) method in the QuantumEspresso(QE)software package, the total energy was calculated and the lattice constantsoptimized using the Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof (PBE) formulationof theGeneralized Gradient Approximation (GGA). In excellent agreement with previously published theoretical values, thestudyproduced optimized equilibrium lattice parameters, band structures, elasticconstants, and elastic moduli. Additionally, the Density of States (DOS) andbandstructures were analyzed in order to comprehensively study the electricalcharacteristics. The findings support the efficacy of the computational techniques used andofferathorough understanding of the structural, mechanical, and electrical propertiesofPbSe perovskites. These discoveries add to the growing corpus of informationon x perovskite materials and provide insightful information for upcoming studiesandtechnological uses.

This study aimed to investigate subsurface lithological structures at the University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria, using the 2D electrical resistivity method. Field data was acquired using the Wenner-Alpha configuration, and processed using RES2DINV software to generate 2D resistivity models. The results revealed a multi-layered subsurface structure, typically consisting of an upper layer of alluvium (soil) with varying amounts of clay, underlain by layers of shale and sandstone. The resistivity values ranged from 131 Ωm to 6239 Ωm. Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) data provided further insights, identifying five distinct layers and providing more accurate depth and thickness information compared to the Wenner array. The study demonstrates the effectiveness of the 2D electrical resistivity method in characterizing subsurface structures and provides valuable information for construction planning and geological assessments in the study area.

Several methods have been employed to calculate the mechanical properties of GaN with reliable results. In this work, we employed the energy strain method from first-principles calculation to review the structural and mechanical properties of GaN. From our results, we observed that there is agreement in some of the elastic constants when compared with literature review.

This project focuses on the design, construction, and experimental analysis of three distinct meter bridges fabricated using aluminum, steel, and copper base plates. The primary objective was to measure and compare the internal resistance of a constantan wire using these three different conductive materials, and to analyze how the type of base metal affects the accuracy, sensitivity, and stability of resistance measurements. The study is based on the fundamental principle of the Wheatstone Bridge, which provides a reliable method for comparing and determining unknown resistances by achieving a state of balance between two arms of an electrical network. The meter bridge, being a modified form of the Wheatstone bridge, was selected due to its simplicity, accuracy, and wide applicability in electrical measurement laboratories. During fabrication, each meter bridge consisted of a one-meter uniform wire mounted on a polished metal base (aluminum, steel, or copper), fitted with thick brass strips, standard resistors, binding posts, and a jockey for variable contact. A Leclanché cell served as the power source, and a center-zero galvanometer was employed to detect the balance point. Constantan was chosen as the test wire due to its negligible temperature coefficient of resistance and high mechanical stability. Experimental readings were taken for various known resistances, and the corresponding balance lengths were recorded. The internal resistance of the constantan wire was computed and analyzed.

Facies prediction refers to the task of determining the type of rock or sediment in a particular area, based on various physical and chemical properties. Machine learning techniques can be used to build predictive models for facies prediction, using data
on the characteristics of different rock types and the corresponding measurements made at various locations. These models can then be used to make predictions about the facies of new, previously unseen locations. There are several benefits to using machine learning for facies prediction. One benefit is that the models can be trained on large amounts of data, allowing them to make highly accurate predictions. Additionally, machine learning models can be updated as new data becomes available, enabling them to improve over time.