DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND TOXICOLOGY

In the realm of nanotechnology, the utilization of nanoparticles has surged across diverse industries, ranging from electronics to medicine. Among these nanoparticles, aluminum oxide nanoparticles (Al2O3 – NPs) have gained significant attention due to their unique physicochemical properties. However, concerns regarding their potential toxicity have
prompted extensive research into identifying strategies to mitigate their adverse effects. This study aimed to investigate the effects of Al2O3 nanoparticles on testis and epididymis of male wistar rat. The effects were investigated using hormonal assay, and standard methods to
determine oxidative stress markers. In the current investigation, male wistar rats were given intraperitoneal doses of (Al2O3) 30 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg, 70 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg body weight over a period of seven (7) days. The result obtained showed the detrimental impact of Al2O3 – NPs
on reproductive health. It suggests that these harmful effects are closely linked to the nanoparticles' chemical composition, size, dosage, and duration of exposure. Specifically, the study highlights that Al2O3 – NPs can disrupt the production of sex hormones, leading to adverse effects on sperm quality and potentially resulting in infertility. Given the harmful
effects of aluminum oxide nanoparticles, the use of antioxidants is proposed as a measure to reduce potential risks associated with Al2O3 – NP toxicity on the testis and epididymis of male wistar rats.

Water, Sanitation and Hygiene is a growing field that supports the Sustainable Development Goal 6 which seeks to ensure water and sanitation for all. This study determined the WASH status of Uselu, Ogida and Useh markets in Egor Local Government Area. Water samples were collected from two points at Uselu and Ogida markets and analyzed for physicochemical and microbiological qualities, adopting standard analytical procedures and microbiological techniques respectively. Findings showed results as pH ranged from 4.70 to 5.00 (Usleu) and 5.10 to 6.29 (Ogida), Chlorine, 24.85 mg/l to 28.4 mg/l (Ogida) and 35.5 mg/ to 46.15 mg/l (Uselu), Nitrate, 0.68 mg/l to 1.31 mg/l (Uselu) and 1.85 mg/l to 3.19 mg/l (Ogida), BOD5, 0.33 mg/l to 0.55 mg/l (Uselu) and 1.85 mg/l to 2.60 mg/l (Ogida). The heavy metal concentrations determined showed that iron was not detected in both markets, lead was not detected in one of the Uselu samples while the second read 0.04 mg/l and Ogida samples ranged from to 0.01 mg/l to 0.04 mg/l. Chromium ranged from 0.01mg/l to 0.04mg/l (Ogida) and 0.04 mg/l to 0.07mg/l (Uselu). The total heterotrophic bacterial counts ranged from 4.0 × 10 cfu/ml to 5.5 × 10 cfu/ml (Uselu) and 12 × 10 cfu/ml to 13 × 10 cfu/ml (Ogida). The total coliform counts ranged from 9MPN/100ml to 15MPN/100ml (Uselu) and from 6MPN/100ml to 7 MPN/100ml (Ogida). Fungi counts ranged from 0.33× 10 cfu/ml to 0.66 ×10 cfu/ml (Uselu) and from 1.33 × 10 cfu/ml to 1.67 × 10 cfu/ml (Ogida). From the questionnaire survey, it was discovered that boreholes and toilet facilities were available at Uselu and Ogida market (100% respectively) while none was found at Useh (100%). In Uselu and Ogida markets, hygiene was poor due to lack of soap materials (100% respectively) while at Useh, poor hygiene practices could be attributed to the lack of water as well as soap materials. At Uselu market, wastes were seldom evacuated by the waste management board (50%) and totally neglected in the environs of Ogida and Useh market (100% respectively). The results therefore show the need for an improvement of the WASH sectors of the three markets, especially Useh market, in order to protect the health and well-being of the traders and buyers

Water, Sanitation and Hygiene is a growing field that supports the Sustainable Development Goal 6 which seeks to ensure water and sanitation for all. This study determined the WASH status of Uselu, Ogida and Useh markets in Egor Local Government Area. Water samples were collected from two points at Uselu and Ogida markets and analyzed for physicochemical and microbiological qualities, adopting standard analytical procedures and microbiological techniques respectively. Findings showed results as pH ranged from 4.70 to 5.00 (Usleu) and 5.10 to 6.29 (Ogida), Chlorine, 24.85 mg/l to 28.4 mg/l (Ogida) and 35.5 mg/ to 46.15 mg/l
(Uselu), Nitrate, 0.68 mg/l to 1.31 mg/l (Uselu) and 1.85 mg/l to 3.19 mg/l (Ogida), BOD5, 0.33 mg/l to 0.55 mg/l (Uselu) and 1.85 mg/l to 2.60 mg/l (Ogida). The heavy metal concentrations determined showed that iron was not detected in both markets, lead was not detected in one of the Uselu samples while the second read 0.04 mg/l and Ogida samples ranged from to 0.01 mg/l to 0.04 mg/l. Chromium ranged from 0.01mg/l to 0.04mg/l (Ogida) and 0.04 mg/l to 0.07mg/l (Uselu). The total heterotrophic bacterial counts ranged from 4.0 × 10 cfu/ml to 5.5 × 10 cfu/ml (Uselu) and 12 × 10 cfu/ml to 13 × 10 cfu/ml (Ogida). The total coliform counts ranged from
9MPN/100ml to 15MPN/100ml (Uselu) and from 6MPN/100ml to 7 MPN/100ml (Ogida). Fungi counts ranged from 0.33× 10 cfu/ml to 0.66 ×10 cfu/ml (Uselu) and from 1.33 × 10 cfu/ml to 1.67 × 10 cfu/ml (Ogida). From the questionnaire survey, it was discovered that boreholes and
toilet facilities were available at Uselu and Ogida market (100% respectively) while none was found at Useh (100%). In Uselu and Ogida markets, hygiene was poor due to lack of soap materials (100% respectively) while at Useh, poor hygiene practices could be attributed to the lack of water as well as soap materials. At Uselu market, wastes were seldom evacuated by the waste management board (50%) and totally neglected in the environs of Ogida and Useh market (100% respectively). The results therefore show the need for an improvement of the WASH sectors of the three markets, especially Useh market, in order to protect the health and well-being
of the traders and buyers.

In the realm of nanotechnology, the utilization of nanoparticles has surged across diverseindustries, ranging from electronics to medicine. Among these nanoparticles,aluminum oxide nanoparticles (Al2O3 – NPs) have gained significantattention due to their unique physicochemical properties. However, concerns regarding their potential toxicity have prompted extensive research into identifying strategies to mitigate their adverse effects. This study aimed to investigate the effects of Al2O3 nanoparticles on testis and epididymis of male wistar rat. The effects were investigated using hormonal assay, and standard methods to determine oxidative stress markers. In the current investigation, male wistar rats were given intraperitoneal doses of (Al2O3) 30 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg, 70 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg body weight over a period of seven (7) days. The result obtained showed the detrimental impact of Al2O3 – NPs on reproductive health. It suggests that these harmful effects are closely linked to the nanoparticles' chemical composition, size, dosage, and duration of exposure. Specifically, the study highlights that Al2O3 – NPs can disrupt the production of sex hormones, leading to adverse effects on sperm quality and potentially resulting in infertility. Given the harmful effects of aluminum oxide nanoparticles, the use of antioxidants is proposed as a measure to reduce potential risks associated with Al2O3 – NP toxicity on the testis and epididymis of male wistar rats.xiv

This study investigates the reproductive and histological alterations in Eisenia fetida(earthworm) exposed to varying concentrations of petrol-contaminated soil. Earthworms play a crucial role in soil health and ecosystem functioning, and their response to environmental pollutants, such as petroleum-based compounds, can provide valuable insights into the impact of soil contamination on terrestrial organisms. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of petrol exposure on the reproductive health and histological structure of Eisenia fetida, considering different levels of petrol contamination.
The experiment was conducted using soil samples contaminated with petrol at concentrations of 13.3%, 33.3%, 53.3%. The earthworms were exposed to these varying concentrations for a period of 28 days. Reproductive success was assessed by evaluating the number of cocoons laid, hatching success, and the development of offspring. Histological analysis of the earthworms was
performed to observe any structural changes in their tissues, including the digestive system, reproductive organs, and muscular layers . The results revealed significant reproductive impairments at higher petrol concentrations, with a marked reduction in the number of cocoons and hatching success. Histological analysis showed structural damage to the digestive tract, reproductive tissues, and muscular structures, with notable changes such as cell degeneration, reduced cellular integrity, and signs of inflammation.
These findings suggest that exposure to petrol-contaminated soil adversely affects both the reproductive capabilities and the physiological integrity of Eisenia fetida, with potential implications for soil biodiversity and ecosystem health.
This study contributes to the understanding of the ecological risks associated with petrol contamination in soils, highlighting the importance of assessing the impact of petroleum pollutants on soil-dwelling organisms. The results underscore the need for effective pollution management strategies to mitigate the harmful effects of petrochemical contaminants on terrestrial ecosystems.

Anthill soils play a crucial role in sustainable agriculture practice as a source of locally available source of fertilizer which is essential in plant growth and development, and as such improve soil fertility. However, the pathogenicity of anthill soils have not been fully looked at. The aim of this study is to know the pathogenicity status of the antihill soil. Soil samples were collected from four different anthills from two locations (Institutional and residential areas in a sterile container) and their corresponding adjacent soils (control). The analysis carried out were bacterial count after aliquots of serially diluted soil were plated, cultural characteristics by culturing isolates, afterwards sub culturing. Colony count was done alongside phenotypic identification to know the (size, shape, elevation and margin). Morphological identification (Gram Staining) was done to differentiate, positive from negative. Biochemical and pathogenicity test were carried out using (protease and lipase) test. Bacteria such as E. coli, Bacillus sp, Pseudomonas sp, serratia sp, Enterobacter claocae, staphylococcus sp and Salmonella sp were found. It is therefore recommended that for effective utilization of anthill soils for agricultural crop production, further studies should be carried to better understand the premise that anthill soil maybe dangerous rather than beneficial in the long run

Air pollution is a growing concern in Nigeria, with significant implications for public health and the environment. This study provides a comparative assessment of air quality in Kano and Bayelsa states from 2019 to 2024 using Sentinel-5P satellite data. The study focuses on key pollutants, including carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), and aerosols, to evaluate spatial and temporal variations in air quality between the most populated (Kano) and least populated (Bayelsa) states in Nigeria. The research utilizes remote sensing techniques, Geographic Information System (GIS) tools, and statistical methods to analyze pollutant concentrations and identify trends over the study period. Results indicate that air pollution levels in Kano are primarily influenced by vehicular emissions, industrial activities, and seasonal dust storms, leading to high NO₂ and aerosol concentrations. In contrast, Bayelsa's air quality is significantly impacted by gas flaring and petroleum-related activities, with elevated CO levels being a major concern. Statistical analysis reveals notable differences in pollutant concentrations between the two states, showing that Kano state consistently has higher Aerosol and NO2 levels than Bayelsa state, and Bayelsa state consistently has higher
CO concentrations than Kano state. These results emphasize the role of population density and industrialization in shaping air quality patterns. The study also highlights the influence of population on air pollution, showing that while high population density in Kano contributes to increased emissions, Bayelsa's lower population does not necessarily translate to better air quality due to intensive industrial activities. These findings emphasize the need for targeted air quality management strategies tailored to the unique pollution sources in each state.
Policies should focus on enhancing emission regulations for industries in Bayelsa and implementing stricter vehicular emission controls in Kano. Expanding air quality monitoring infrastructure and promoting clean energy alternatives are also recommended to mitigate pollution impacts. The study contributes to a deeper understanding of regional air quality variations in Nigeria, providing valuable insights for policymakers and environmental health practitioners.