DEPARTMENT OF ELECRICAL/ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

This project focuses on the design and implementation of an automatic changeover system integrated with contactors and an Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR) for efficient management of a home solar power system. The system is designed to automatically transfer load supply between the solar inverter, utility grid, and generator in the event of power failure or voltage instability, ensuring uninterrupted power delivery to essential household appliances. The control unit employs electromechanical contactors to achieve seamless source selection, while an AVR maintains stable voltage output to prevent damage to
sensitive equipment. A timer/delay relay is incorporated to coordinate the switching process, minimize transient currents, and delay the operation of the alarm siren to prevent false triggers during short interruptions. The project also integrates protective circuit breakers to safeguard the system from overloads and short circuits, improving safety and reliability. The
overall design emphasizes efficiency, automation, and simplicity, eliminating the need for manual intervention during power transitions. Testing and evaluation were carried out under various load conditions to verify performance. Results confirmed that the system achieves reliable source transfer, stable voltage regulation, and reduced downtime during source
changeovers. The project demonstrates a practical and cost-effective solution for domestic solar power management, promoting energy efficiency and dependable power supply in areas with unstable grid systems.

The relevance of communication in our world today cannot be overemphasized. This project is thus aimed at designing and implementing a GSM Network using OpenBTS software paired with an SDR (Software-defined
Radio), imitating the GSM Network as we know it. This setup can be used in small-scale operations and can solve the major issue of connectivity in rural areas such as villages and small towns. This arrangement involved a USRP B210 and OpenBTS software running on the Ubuntu 24.04 the latest version of the operating system - as of the time of writing. At the end, the network was launched, subscribers were registered on the test network, and they were able to send messages, which is a supported feature on the GSM Network.

With the advent of renewable energy solutions in the energy sector of developed and developing nations, a cost evaluation of the different available options is necessary. In this project, a cost comparison of a 10kW wind and solar PV system was examined. This thesis uses the Life Cycle Costing (LCC) methodology to evaluate the cost of solar and wind power systems for a period of 25 years, to determine which is more cost effective. The cost of installing a 10kW wind turbine system was evaluated to be ₦25,753,268.75 while that of solar PV system for the same amount power was evaluated to be ₦26,068,916.76 for a period of 25 years.

The Maximum Power Transfer Theorem states that maximum power is delivered from a source to a load when the load impedance equals the complex conjugate of the source impedance. In practical electrical power systems, especially those with dynamic or reactive loads, this condition is rarely achieved, resulting in power loss and reduced system efficiency. This study addressed the problem of impedance mismatch by designing and implementing a smart load matching circuit capable of dynamically adjusting system parameters to optimize power transfer.

The proposed system utilizes a Arduino as the central control unit to monitor and adjust load conditions in real time. Voltage and current sensors were used to measure source and load parameters, enabling the microcontroller to calculate instantaneous impedance values. Based on a predefined control algorithm, the system activates a bank of Single-Pole Double-Throw Relay switches to control a Multi-Tap Transformer, thereby adjusting the transformer tap position to achieve the closest possible impedance match.

The implementation and experimental evaluation of the system demonstrated a significant improvement in power transfer efficiency compared to conventional fixed-tap transformer systems. The dynamic switching mechanism effectively minimized impedance mismatch under varying load conditions.

The study concludes that integrating smart control systems into power electronics applications can significantly enhance energy efficiency and system performance. The developed smart load matching circuit provides a practical and adaptable solution for improving power transfer efficiency in electrical systems with fluctuating load conditions.

The Hybrid Pick and Drop Robotic Arm project presents a versatile robotic arm system capable of both manual and automatic operation. The robotic arm is designed with the flexibility to be controlled either by a user through manual inputs or autonomously through programmed commands. This hybrid functionality allows the robotic arm to adapt to various scenarios and tasks, offering a blend of precision and user control. The project utilizes a combination of sensors, including an infrared (IR) proximity sensor and an IR receiver, to enable efficient object detection and remote-control capabilities. The Atmega382p microcontroller serves as the central processing unit, coordinating the actions of the robotic arm based on sensor inputs and user commands. The inclusion of a DC-DC buck converter ensures efficient power management for the system, optimizing its performance in both manual and automatic modes. Through this project, the concept of a hybrid robotic arm is demonstrated, showcasing its potential applications in industries requiring a mix of manual dexterity and automated precision. The project’s design and implementation offer insights into the development of adaptable robotic systems, highlighting the importance of flexibility and user-friendliness in robotics technology. Keywords: Hybrid, Robotic Arm, Manual Control, Automatic Control, Object Detection, Remote Control.

Single phase inverters play an essential role in applications such as uninterruptible power supplies and renewable energy systems, yet their operation is often affected by faults including short circuits, open circuit conditions, and DC link overvoltage. This work reviews these common fault types, their characteristic influence on inverter performance, and the protective measures commonly employed to limit their impact and ensure reliable operation. The study involved identifying and classifying major inverter faults, examining the protection techniques typically used in practice, and developing a simulation model of a single phase H - bridge inverter for controlled analysis. Selected protection devices, including fast acting fuses, electronic current limiting circuits, and voltage clamping components, were examined under various fault scenarios, with parameters such as Response Time, Detection Rate, and Fault Coverage used for evaluation. Observations from the simulation provided insight into how the inverter behaves when exposed to different fault scenarios and how each protection device influences system response. The patterns revealed through these analyses highlight the importance of rapid fault handling, effective voltage suppression, and balanced device coordination. Based on these insights, the study emphasizes the value of adopting a multilayered protection arrangement that integrates fast electronic sensing with traditional isolation components to enhance the overall safety, reliability, and cost effectiveness of single phase inverter systems

The project involved detailed load analysis, component selection, and system configuration. The final design ensures a stable power supply with provisions for future scalability. This work demonstrates the practical application of electrical/electronic engineering principles in solving
real-world energy challenges and contributes toward the goal of sustainable development. In this project, the design of a 300kW stand-alone power system for the faculty of Engineering, implementation of a 10kW inverter/battery system for the Dean’s office, LT1, LT2, LT3, LT4 and the faculty board room was carried out.

One of the most challenging problems associated with the use of solar energy in low-income households is the high initial cost of installation the bulk of which is the cost of the battery energy storage system. The project was implemented using the ATMEGA 382P microcontroller due to its superior code efficiency, enabling throughputs up to ten times faster than conventional microcontrollers. The prototype, designed and simulated on Proteus, incorporated three loads connected within
the system. Power was supplied by a DC Buck converter module, ensuring stable and efficient energy provision. This combination of advanced microcontroller technology, multiple load integration, and an efficient power source lays the groundwork for a robust and highperforming system. Thorough incorporation of a rule-based algorithm using time of day and battery capacity as
criteria in addition to proper classification of loads, the proposed system reduced the domestic energy usage and improved system availability. To verify the efficiency and robustness of the proposed algorithm, a test lab was set up, and the obtained results were compared in terms of total energy consumption, cost, the improved battery storage duration

This project presents the optimization of PV systems and development of optimization algorithms for optimizing the power output of a solar PV system. The aim of the project was to
investigate and understand the various existing optimization techniques and methods, then develop an algorithm that can optimize a Solar PV system. The optimization method used was MPPT (maximum power point tracking) and P&O algorithm, INC algorithm and Genetic algorithm were developed. Development and simulation of the optimization methods and developed algorithms was achieved with the use of MATLAB SIMULINK software. For this project, the output of the optimized system with the MPPT method trained with P&O optimization, INC algorithm and Genetic algorithm were compared with the output of an unoptimized system under different atmospheric conditions and then to each other. The results of the optimized system were compared with the result of the unoptimized system. From the result, it was found out that the optimized system has a better response, lesser error, better accuracy and tracking speed than the unoptimized system. At the end of the project, it became obvious for the need of optimization in PV system and the step-by-step process of developing an optimization algorithm was shown.

In the last two decades, the digital mobile communication services grew rapidly. In the 1990s, the digital services started as the second generation of mobile communications withthe Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) improved by the General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) and Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE). The thirdgeneration used the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) with the HighSpeed Packet Access (HSPA) improvement. Nowadays, the fourth generation of suchservices is in use which is called Long Term Evolution (LTE). To provide fast and easyaccess to the Internet in a lot of different places, the number of Wi-Fi hotspots is increasing rapidly. Wi-Fi stands for a trademark which specifies devices for the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 standard and is a subgroup of Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN). In this work both names are used interchangeably