O.F. AMEGOR

The SARS-CoV-2 virus is the infectious agent that causes COVID-19, commonly
referred to as coronavirus illness. Chloroquine (CQ), Hydroxylchloroquine (HCQ),
Lopinavor/Retinavir (L/R), and other medications were tested for treating COVID-19 infection. Alcohol or phosphate functional group molecules are uncommon in lipids, which are esters of fatty acids that are soluble in organic solvents but insoluble in water. Triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and total cholesterol make up the lipid profile. The aim of the thesis is to ascertain and assess how prescribed medications for the management of COVID-19 infection affect albino rats' lipid levels. In total, 60 albino wistar rats were employed in this investigatigation. 6 were used as negative controls (given with water and feed only), while 54 were used as positive controls (administered with the medications). On the 29th day, blood samples were collected from the albino wistar rats into plain containers and serum were obtained for laboratory analysis of the lipid profile indices.. Version 27 of SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) was used to analyze the study's data. For both tests and controls, the Standard Error of Mean was expressed as mean ± S.E.M. Additionally, an ANOVA was used to compare the results at a 95% confidence interval (P<0.05). Notably, the combination treatment containing Hydroxylchloroquine (HCQ), Ivermectin (IV), L/R (Lopinavir/Retinavir), Azithromycin (AZI), Zinc (Zn), and Selenium (Se) led to a significant decrease in HDL_c levels (P<0.05) and weight (P<0.05) compared to the control group. This was in addition to the notable reduction in total cholesterol (TC) levels (P <0.05) that HCQ showed. Additionally, compared to the control group, Chloroquine (CQ) showed significantly lower cardiac risk ratios (P<0.05) and atherogenic coefficients (P<0.05), suggesting a possible decrease in cardiovascular risk and atherogenic potential. Additionally, compared to the control group, the ydroxychloroquine (HCQ) treatment group showed significantly decreased cardiac risk ratios (P<0.05) and atherogenic coefficients (P<0.05). Nevertheless, the combination therapy with CQ, IV, L/R, AZI, Zn, and Se showed noticeably greater atherogenic coefficients and cardiac risk ratios. In conclusion, the study elucidated the various effects of the drugs on lipid profile, weight, cardiac risk ratio, and atherogenic coefficient. However, while both CQ and HCQ treatments led to significant weight gain, contrary to some findings, their mechanisms of action on weight regulation remain complex and warrant further investigation.

Cymbopogon citratus is a widely used medicinal and culinary herb known to contain a variety of vitamins and bioactive compounds. Solvent-based extraction plays a crucial role in determining the yield and profile of these nutrients, particularly vitamins, which differ in polarity and solubility. This study aimed to compare the vitamin composition of polar (ethanol) and non-polar (diethyl ether) extracts of C. citratus to determine which solvent more effectively recovers specific vitamins. Extraction was carried out using standard maceration techniques with ethanol and diethyl ether as solvents. Vitamin analysis was conducted spectrophotometrically, and data were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA. Relevant literature was sourced from peerreviewed journals indexed in scientific databases and pla forms such as PubMed, ResearchGate, Google Scholar, and ScienceGate. The results showed that the polar extract contained
significantly higher levels of vitamin A (51.02 ± 0.004 ppm), vitamin B6 (2.533 ± 0.010 ppm), and vitamin D (55.89 ± 0.020 ppm). In contrast, the non-polar extract yielded significantly higher concentrations of vitamin B12 (2.957 ± 0.155 ppm), vitamin C (59.71 ± 0.035 ppm), vitamin E (36.07 ± 0.2335 ppm), vitamin K (19.90 ± 0.2137 ppm), and benzoic acid (6.124 ± 0.027 ppm), all with p-values < 0.05. In conclusion, the choice of solvent significantly affects the recovery of vitamins from C. citratus. Ethanol is more suitable for extracting water-soluble or moderately polar vitamins, while diethyl ether is better for highly lipophilic compounds. It is recommended that future research include in vivo investigations to evaluate the biological relevance, bioavailability, and therapeutic potential of the extracted vitamins, building upon the in vitro findings of this study.