S.O. NWOKORO

The study was carried out to determine the yield, physical and chemical composition of Opepe leaves (Nauclea diiderrichi) De Wild. and T. Durand. The leaves used were harvested and blended, before the leaf Protein Concentrate was extracted using 3 different methods (Heat coagulation , acid coagulation and alum precipitation methods) . The result from the analysis showed that acid coagulation , alum precipitation and heat coagulation methods yielded 2.398% , 3.913% and 6.383% respectively. The yield of bagasse was 23.508%. The result of the proximate analysis showed that the dry matter and NFE were higher in alum precipitation method than in acid coagulation and heat coagulation methods . It also showed that CP , CF and ASH were higher in the acid coagulation method than in the alum precipitation and heat coagulation methods, while EE was higher in the heat coagulation method than in the other two methods . The mineral analysis showed that Mg , Na and P were higher in the heat coagulationmethod than in the acid coagulation and alum precipitation methods . It also showed that K , Fe and Mn were higher in the acid coagulation method than in the alum precipitation and heat coagulation methods . LPC result of Ca , showed that acid and heat coagulation methods yielded the same amount , which were higher than that of alum precipitation method .

Leaf protein concentrate as an alternative protein source was first suggested as a human food in the 1960s (Tripathi et al., 2011) and research to develop a potential product was conducted in the 1960s and 1970s (Gilani and Lee, 2003). Statistics have shown that there is an increasing rate of protein deficiency globally which has continued to intensify with the rapidly increasing global population growth rate, currently at 1.04% (David, 2021). This increase in population has indirectly made the availability of traditional sources of protein scarce, especially in the tropics where population growth rate and malnutrition are more intensified. In livestock production, the provision of adequate feed composition required by farm animals remains a challenge, owing to the inadequacy or unavailability of feed material to maintain livestock. The major protein feed sources such as soybean meal, fishmeal and groundnut cake for monogastric farm animals are all conventional protein sources for farm animals, and the increase in demand for these commodities has led to their increased cost. These protein feed commodities as well serve as potential human food, and due to their limited availability, there is competition for these commodities to be prioritized for human or livestock nutrition (Akaeze et al., 2015)

This study was carried out to determine the yield, physical properties and chemical composition of sweet orange leaf protein concentrates and bagasse extracted using three different methods. Heat coagulation, alum precipitation and acid coagulation methods were used for the extraction of sweet orange leaf protein concentrates. Thereafter, the yield, physical properties and chemical composition were determined. The results obtained showed that the yield obtained via the three methods are 2.675% for acid coagulation, 6.60% for alum precipitation and 7.838% for heat coagulation. The chemical analysis performed on the leaf protein concentrates and bagasse, CP, EE and Ash content from LPC obtained from acid and alum precipitation were statistically the same (p<0.05). The CP and EE of Bagasse (17.48% and 4.50% respectively) were lower (p<0.05) than the CP and EE obtained from all three methods. For the minerals, potassium content from alum precipitation (1351 mg/kg) and heat coagulation (2148 mg/kg) were not significantly different (p<0.05).

The experiment was conducted to determine the yield, physical and chemical composition of leaf protein concentrates and bagasse obtained from oil palm leaf using three different processing methods. The process of extraction were heat coagulation, acid coagulation, and alum precipitation methods. The leaf protein concentrates and bagasse
obtained were further analysed for their chemical and mineral compositions. The yield of LPC and bagasse obtained from acid coagulation, alum precipitation, and heat precipitation were comparable. But, the yield of OLPC was not significantly (p>0.05) different in the acid and alum processing methods, but was significantly (p<0.05) different for the heat processing method. Result, from the chemical analysis shows that the CP and EE of acid coagulation method were significantly (p<0.05) different from alum and heat processing methods. At the same time, the MC and NFE of OLPC for heat were significantly (p<0.05) different from alum precipitation method and acid coagulation method. From the results obtained from this study, Oil palm leaf protein concentrates obtained using heat coagulation, acid coagulation and alum precipitation methods were comparable but heat coagulation would be preferable as a result of its high Ca (633.0), Cu (15.67), Mn (66.83), Zn (108.77), Na (3.46), Mg (501.63), P (417.67), Fe (154.30)
and Cl (1.307) values.

This study was carried out to develop feed grades (25% 50%, 75%), from Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L. LAM) leaf protein concentrate and peeled tubers. The leaf protein concentrate was extracted using heat coagulation method, while the peeled potato tubers were thoroughly dried before grinding. Both products were reconstituted with a known volume of water and then left to dry before being subjected to analysis for some chemical composition. The proximate and mineral compositions were significantly different across the treatments (p <0.05). The dry matter of the 100SPLPC was 90.25%, which was not significantly different from 89.86% for 100PT (p > 0.05). The crude protein of 100SPLPC was revealed to be significantly higher (39.84%) than that of 100PT (p <0.05). The crude fibre of 100SPLPC was significantly lower (1.11%) than 100PT (7.93%). Ether extract content was higher in 100SPLPC (9.93%) than in 100PT (5.30%). 100PT also revealed a higher ash content (8.37%) than 100SPLPC (5.83%) at p < 0.05. The NFE content of 100SPLPC was significantly lower (43.29%) than that of 100PT at p < 0.05. The minerals, Ca, K, P, Na, Mg, Zn, Mn and Fe were found to be significantly higher in the peeled tuber than the leaf protein concentrate (p < 0.05), hence justifying the inclusion of the peeled tuber to the diet. Sweet potato leaf protein concentrate and peeled tuber have the potential to be used as a feed resource in the livestock industry.