METHANOL EXTRACT

This study investigated the comparative effects of co-administration of aqueous and methanol fractions of Cleome rutidosperma and Hunteria umbellata on hematopoiesis in L-NAME/STZinduced hypertensive and diabetic male Wistar rats. Hypertension and diabetes are chronic metabolic disorders that frequently coexist and contribute to cardiovascular complications through oxidative stress and hematological alterations. Traditional medicinal plants such as Cleome rutidosperma and Hunteria umbellata have been reported to possess antihypertensive and antidiabetic properties, yet their combined effects on blood cell formation remain underexplored. Hematological indices were evaluated to determine their effects on erythropoiesis, leukopoiesis, and thrombopoiesis. The findings revealed that both extracts produced beneficial effects on altered hematological parameters, with the methanol fraction showing greater hematoprotective efficacy. The methanol fraction significantly improved total lymphocyte, mid- sized cell percentage, and platelet indices, indicating enhanced immune response, erythropoietic stability, and hemostatic balance. These results suggest that the methanol fraction of Cleome rutidosperma and Hunteria umbellata exerts superior restorative effects on hematopoiesis in L- NAME/STZ-induced hypertensive and diabetic rats, highlighting its therapeutic potential in managing hematological disturbances associated with cardiometabolic disorders.

This study examined the mineral composition and phytochemical profile of Tetrapleura tetraptera fruit pods. The fruit pod was purchased from Uselu market, dried and extracted by maceration method using aqueous, methanol and hexane solvents. The elemental composition was analyzed with a portion of the powdered sample using g X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) while phytochemical screening of the three extracts was done via standard methods. Mineral analysis revealed potassium (28.317%) as the most abundant element, followed by calcium (12.962%), magnesium (7.656%), and aluminum (6.413%). Moderate amounts of
Sulphur (1.652%) and chlorine (2.412%) were also detected, while iron was present at a relatively low concentration (1.502%). The dominance of potassium and calcium highlights the fruit’s nutritional potential for maintaining electrolyte balance, bone development, and muscle function. Magnesium and aluminum further contribute to enzymatic activities and possible medicinal value, though the low iron content indicates limited benefit for hemoglobin synthesis and oxygen transport. Phytochemical screening showed that alkaloids, eugenol, and reducing sugars were present across all extracts. Glycosides, flavonoids, tannins, phenolics, and terpenoids were prominent in methanol and aqueous extracts, while hexane extracts yielded fewer polar compounds. Steroids were absent in all extracts. These results confirm that solvent polarity strongly influences phytochemical extraction, with polar solvents yielding a broader spectrum of bioactive constituents

The aim of the study is to evaluate the effect of methanol extract of Simarouba glauca on liver. The leaves, wood and stem back of the Simarouba glauca plant are the portions that are reportedly most frequently used. In this study, the leaves were used. The Simarouba glauca leaves were procured, cleaned and allowed to dry for 28 days at room temperature. The dried leaves were ground into powder. Six hundred grams were weighed and dissolved in 2.5 L of methanol. The mixture was stirred continuously for seven days then the methanol extract was recovered from this combination by filtration and the extract was concentrated by freezing the filtrate. Thirty female wistar rats of average weight 80g were divided equally into six groups with five animals per group. Group I animals were used as the control, Group II, III, and IV, V and VI animals received methanol extract of Simarouba glauca at dose levels of 125, 250, 500, 750 and 1000 mg/kg body weight daily, orally for 28 days. The animals were then sacrificed and the blood obtained, centrifuged and the serum withdrawn for analysis. Total bilirubin, Alkaline phosphatase and Aspartate amino-transferase assays were carried out. The results of this study shows that there was no significant (P <0.05>) difference in all the parameters assayed when compared with the control. This is indicative of the non-toxic effect of Simarouba glauca on the
liver of female wistar rats.

This study was conducted to investigate the acute toxicity, blood glucose concentration and the anti-diabetic effect of methanol extract of Moringa oleifera in streptozotocin- induced diabetes mellitus on Liver integrity in Sprague-Dawley rats. Acute toxicity was carried out in two phases using different doses of Moringa oleifera leaves extract. There was no mortality recorded in both phases. A total of twenty-five Sprague-dawley rats divided into five groups of five animals each were used for the experiment. All animals were allowed unlimited access to feed and water. Group 1 served as control and receieved normal feed and water. Animals in groups 2,3,4 & 5 were induced with diabetes mellitus using 55mg/kg body weight streptozotocin. Animals in group 2 were treated with standard drug glibenclamide (5mg/kg bwt) once daily for 21 days. In addition, animals in groups 3,4 &5 were treated with graded doses of Moringa oleifera leaves extract (100mg/kg bwt, 200mg/kg bwt and 300mg/kg bwt) respectively. Blood glucose level was checked weekly for three weeks. On day 22, all the animals were sacrificed and Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and Malondialdehyde (MDA) were analyzed. Results obtained showed that there was a significant (P<0.05) decrease in ALT and MDA level. Also there was a significant (P<0.05) decrease in AST in 250mg/kg bwt and 300mg/kg bwt. There was a significant increase in AST in groups treated with 100mg/kg bwt and 200mg/kg bwt this maybe as a result of the low doses of the Moringa oleifera leaves extract used in their treatment. 300mg/kg bwt maybe the safest and best dose to use for medicinal purposes. All the animals treated with methanol extract of Moringa oleifera showed a significant (P <0.05) decrease in blood glucose concentration. The animals treated with glibenclamide maintained a significant high blood glucose concentration, there was no reduction in blood glucose concentration in this group when compared with control group after treatment for 21 days. Methanol extract of Moringa oleifera leaves has an anti-diabetic effect and also liver protective effect because of the antioxidant and phytochemical compounds it
contains.

Hyperlipidemia, a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, is often managed with conventional lipid-lowering drugs that may have adverse effects. This study investigates the effects of methanol extract of Spondias mombin on total cholesterol and triglyceride levels in high-fat diet-fed rats. Experimental groups- group three, group four and group five received
different doses of the extract, while controls- positive control (group 1) and negative control (group 2) remained untreated. Biochemical analysis revealed a significant reduction in total cholesterol and triglycerides in treated rats, suggesting potent hypolipidemic effects (p<0.05). The observed lipid-lowering activity may be attributed to phytochemicals such as flavonoids,
tannins, and saponins, which regulate lipid metabolism and possess antioxidant properties. These findings highlight Spondias mombin as a promising natural alternative for hyperlipidemia management, warranting further research on its mechanisms and clinical applications