Internet of Things

This study presents the design and fabrication of a Smart Internet of Thing (IoT)-based feul monitoring system for agricultural tractors. The system aims to improve operational efficiency, minimize fuel theft, and enhance real-time decision-making in mechanized farming. It integrates an ultrasonic fuel level sensor, NodeMCU V3 microcontroller, GPS, and GSM modules to provide continuous fuel data and location tracking. Using Blynk and Thing Speak IoT platforms, real-time fuel levels, consumption trends, and geographic positions were displayed through web and mobile interfaces. Calibration and testing revealed that the system achieved high measurement accuracy with an error margin of less than ±5%, Wi-Fi data transmission latency between 6–8 seconds, and SMS alert delay of 7–12 seconds. The prototype demonstrated effective performance under field conditions, withstanding vibration, heat, and moisture without data loss. Results confirm that the developed IoT-based system is affordable, reliable, and user-friendly for small- and medium-scale farmers. It enables efficient monitoring of fuel resources, enhances accountability, and supports preventive maintenance through analytics and alert mechanisms. Overall, the system bridges the technological gap in fuel management for agricultural operations in developing regions and contributes to sustainable mechanization practices.

The aim of this paper is to design and develop an IoT based Smart Monitoring System. The purpose of the current method is to create a safe and secure fish farming that helps the fish pond owners in producing high quality fish by maintaining normal water levels in the fish tank. (Sajal Saha, 2007). In order to implement this design, the Atmega 328p microcontroller is used as well assensors and actuators such as the DSB18b20 temperature sensor, HC-sr04 ultrasonic sensor, HC- sr501 motion sensor and a solenoid valve to automate the process of controlling the water quality parameters, such as the water level, temperature which is best at 24-27 oc (Johnson et al.,2007) and PH range which is acceptable at 6.5 to 9.0 (Will Mosley, 2009). These sensor values are stored in cloud so that farmers can see on their mobiles through mobile app or web application anywhere remotely. Android phone is used as the terminal device. A user can monitor the water condition using an android app through Wi-Fi within Wi-Fi range of 2400-2484 MHz and through Internet from anywhere in the world, A significant cost reduction is achieved as a result of farm equipment and water pumps being operated only when required using optimization schemes to maintain desired waterlevel in fish tank with efficient energy consumption through appropriate selection of pumps and tank filling level (Nirosha et al, 2017). The system consists of various sensors that measure important factors of the water like temperature, pH and water level and the data from these sensors can be accessed by an application through firebase (Weber et al, 2010). The farmer can then act as per the information relayed or the model can automatically act on behalf of the farmer as per the predefined actions. The real time information enables timely intervention by the farmers which eventually helps minimizing or eliminate wastages.

The increasing adoption of smart home technologies and the demand for robust home security systems have driven the need for innovative solutions that integrate various components seamlessly. This project presents a comprehensive smart home security solution that integrates IoT technology with remote camera control capabilities, leveraging the cost-effective ESP32-
CAM microcontroller. The system comprises two key components: a responsive web application and a Telegram bot interface, designed to provide homeowners with real-time surveillance and control functionality. The ESP32-CAM module, equipped with Wi-Fi connectivity and an integrated camera sensor, is the core hardware, capturing high-quality images and video streams
that can be accessed remotely through either interface. The web application offers an intuitive dashboard for monitoring live video feeds, viewing captured images, controlling camera parameters, and receiving motion-triggered alerts. Complementing this, the Telegram bot provides similar functionality through a conversational interface, allowing users to request images, view live streams, and receive instant notifications on their mobile devices. This dual-interface approach ensures accessibility across various devices and user preferences. The implementation utilizes a decentralized architecture where the ESP32-CAM operates as both a camera and a lightweight server, communicating directly with client applications without relying on cloud infrastructure. This edge computing approach prioritizes data privacy and reduces dependency on external services. The Telegram bot integration leverages the Telegram API for secure notifications while maintaining the local processing paradigm. Experimental
results demonstrate the system's effectiveness in providing reliable surveillance with minimal latency while maintaining reasonable power consumption for extended operation. This solution offers an affordable yet robust alternative to commercial smart security systems, making home security technology more accessible to a broader range of users