Environmental monitoring

The growing concern over ineffective waste management in rapidly urbanizing areas has continued to threaten environmental sustainability, public health, and urban aesthetics— particularly in developing nations such as Nigeria. Conventional waste collection methods, which rely on manual inspections, static collection schedules, and minimal automation, are increasingly inadequate for modern cities. These traditional systems often result in overflowing waste bins, unhygienic surroundings, and increased exposure of sanitation workers to hazardous waste. To mitigate these challenges, the adoption of smart waste management systems has become a practical solution, harnessing Internet of Things (IoT) technologies to enhance operational efficiency, reduce health risks, and support global sustainability goals. This project presents the design and development of an improved smart dustbin system, which integrates sensors, automation, and wireless communication for efficient and hygienic waste collection. The system was engineered to address major limitations of existing smart waste bin models—such as lack of automation, low adaptability to environmental conditions, and poor sustainability—by introducing enhanced features that improve functionality, reliability, and user safety. The prototype incorporates ultrasonic sensors for detecting the fill level and load cell sensors for measuring the weight of accumulated waste. These sensors interface with an Arduino microcontroller, which interprets real-time data and initiates corresponding control actions. A key innovation in this design is the dual alert and communication mechanism, facilitated by a GSM module (SIM900D) that transmits SMS notifications and also initiates automated phone calls to designated waste management personnel once the bin reaches its full capacity. In addition, the system integrates a GPS module that tracks the exact location of the bin, simplifying collection logistics and enabling efficient route planning. To further enhance automation, the system features a linear actuator that performs self-compaction, reducing the waste volume and increasing the storage capacity before the next collection. Importantly, once the waste bin reaches its maximum threshold, the lid is automatically locked, preventing further deposit of waste and ensuring cleanliness until the bin is emptied and reset for operation. This mechanism helps prevent overflow and reduces contact with potentially contaminated waste. The system is powered by a 24W rechargeable lithium battery supported by a DC–DC converter, ensuring stable power supply and efficient energy usage. The software component was developed using Embedded C/C++ on the Arduino IDE, enabling real-time sensor monitoring, threshold detection, and GSM/GPS communication control. Comprehensive testing was carried out to evaluate sensor accuracy, power efficiency, communication reliability, and the responsiveness of the compaction and locking mechanisms. Results from both hardware and software testing confirmed that the system achieved reliable waste level detection, efficient data transmission, timely alert notifications, and effective compaction cycles. The automatic locking feature also performed accurately, preventing waste input once the bin reached capacity. By combining IoT technology, automation, and sustainable material selection, the improved smart dustbin system demonstrates a viable, scalable, and eco-friendly approach to modern waste management. Its ability to autonomously monitor fill levels, compress waste, lock when full, and communicate through both SMS and phone calls significantly enhances efficiency, hygiene, and sustainability. This prototype provides a foundation for large-scale implementation in residential, institutional, commercial, and municipal environments, contributing to cleaner cities and smarter waste management systems that align with sustainable development goals.

This project presents the design and fabrication of a cost-effective submersible Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) intended for underwater exploration, specifically for lakebed surveys and crack observations. The study aims to develop an affordable, durable, and highly maneuverable ROV using a syringe-actuated buoyancy system, PVC hull construction, and a combination of propellers and pumps for navigation. Unlike conventional ROVs that rely solely on thrusters, this design integrates a novel buoyancy control mechanism to enhance precision and stability in shallow water operations.
The development process involved conceptualizing the structural framework, selecting appropriate materials, and integrating propulsion, control, and buoyancy systems. The ROV was fabricated using lightweight and corrosion-resistant materials such as PVC pipes and acrylic plates, ensuring durability and cost efficiency. A single brushless motor provided forward propulsion, while four strategically placed syringe-actuated pumps enabled controlled vertical and lateral movement. The prototype underwent rigorous testing to evaluate maneuverability, depth control, and structural integrity. Results demonstrated that the ROV successfully achieved stable and precise movements, making it an effective tool for underwater inspections. The syringe-actuated buoyancy system provided reliable depth control, although minor delays in response time were noted. While the design proved efficient for shallow-water exploration, enhancements in power efficiency and material optimization are recommended for future iterations. Overall, this project contributes to the advancement of affordable underwater robotics, offering a practical solution for research, environmental monitoring, and industrial applications