FACULTY OF PHYSICAL SCIENCES

The study incorporates inorganic geochemistry for a comprehensive stratigraphic analysis. To further elucidate sediment provenance, paleo-redox conditions, tectonic settings, and sandstone classification, ditch cutting samples were collected from the Osedestiny well in the Niger Delta Basin. The geochemical results revealed trace element ratios of V/Cr and U/Th, suggesting an oxic environment for deposition. The sediments' source was identified as felsic rock through bivariate plots of Ni vs Tio2, La/Sc vs Th/Co, and trace elemental ratios including Th/Sc, Th/Co, Cr/Th, and La/Sc. Graphical representations of K2O/Na2O versus SiO2 and Log (K2O/Na2O) versus Log (SiO2/Al2O3) predominantly fell within the passive margin zone. Various chemical sandstone classification systems classified the sediments as sublitharenite, Fe-rich sand, and with minimal content of quartzarenite. This comprehensive geochemical approach enhances the understanding of sediment characteristics and depositional environments in the Niger Delta Basin.

A 2-D geoelectrical resistivity survey was carried out on two different locations (hall 2 and hall 3) in University of Benin, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria, for subsurface lithology. The Wenner array configuration and Pasi Earth resistivity meter was engaged for the acquisition of fields datasets. The data were subjected to an inversion using RES2DINV software for analysis and interpretation. The lateral spacing used was 160m and the total depth for the first and second locations were 136m and 64m respectively. The resistivity of the various surveys ranges from 57Ωm to 1261Ωm for survey line 1 and 1Ωm to 631Ωm for survey line 2. The geological interpretation of survey line 1 reveals the presence of possibly clayey sand and sand having resistivity values of 50Ωm - 500Ωm and 800Ωm - 1200Ωm respectively. Survey line 2 reveals the presence of possibly laterite soil, clay, alluvium soil having resistivity values of 10Ωm - 88Ωm, 50Ωm - 100Ωm, and 200Ωm - 800Ωm respectively. Results for this study shows that buildings can be erected in the survey line 1 which has large deposit of sand. For survey line 2, excavations and sand filling of the area should be done before erecting buildings to prevent building collapse because of the large deposit of clay

Industrial activities contribute deeply to high emission rates of particulate matter (PM) and other pollutants into the ambient air. The siting of industrial plants in proximity to a populated area can have adverse effects on human health and the environment at large. The industrialization and urbanization of Sagamu city in Ogun state, has led to increased pressure on the city especially on air quality. The chemical complexity of airborne particles makes it necessary to consider their composition and sources of emission. This study was aimed at quantifying Fine particulate (PM2.5) and its heavy metals content in ambient air of industrial areas in Sagamu, Ogun state. The study locations of this research work were Ikorodu- Sagamu industrial area (majorly metal recycling industries) and Sagamu- Abeokuta interchange industrial area (majorly a mixed of Food, Agro￾allied and Brewery industries). The control site is located at Ode-lemo farm settlement in Sagamu, Ogun state. A total of 108 air samples of fine air particulate (PM2.5) were collected. Triplicate samples were collected each month with the aid of Conical Inhalable Sampling (CIS) head at a flowrate of 3.5Lmin-1 for 8hrs per day and for a period of one year. Meteorological data were collected simultaneously with PM2.5 via a specialised weather monitoring equipment (Automated Meteorological station). The PM2.5 filter papers collected were carefully sealed in a polythene bag and preserved prior to the laboratory for analysis. The PM2.5 mass concentration was computed gravimetrically. The loaded filters were subjected to acid digestion prior to analysis. Sixteen (16) metals were identified and quantified using Inductively Coupled Plasma- Optical Emission Spectrometer ICP-OES). Pollution indices such as Contamination factor (CF), Degree of contamination (DC) and Pollution index load (PLI) were assessed on the two industrial areas. Source identification and profiling of PM2.5- bound metals were determined using multivariate analysis which included Enrichment factor, inter-metallic correlation matrix, Principal component analysis (PCA) and Cluster analysis (CA). The two predictive models, Linear Regression Model (LRM) and Gamma Regression Model(GLM) were acquired and tested using the data produced from this work and a software tool R version 2024 which is user friendly.

Sodium alginate is a commonly used encapsulation matrix for variety of materials such as plant cells, food products, oil and flavor. This compound is biodegradable, biocompatible and non-toxic. Also, it is cheap, available, has chelating ability and forms stable reversible gels. However, plant extracts have challenges of poor utilization, poor stability, chemical degradation, low bioavailbility and high molecular weight. Therefore, this study was aimed at isolation, characterization and use of sodium alginate nanoparticles to encapsulate acetogenin compound isolated from Annona muricata leaf. Sodium alginate nanoparticles loaded with acetogenin compound were prepared and characterized using Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscope (FTIR). TEM revealed a spherical and irregular nature of sodium alginate nanoparticles loaded with acetogenin compound with particle size of 280nm. The encapsulation efficiency was 89% and this result shows that encapsulation in nanosized matrics with different concentrations of sodium alginate nanoparticles produced higher encapsulation efficiencies which therefore, enhances solubility, biovailability of acetogenin compound.

In this era, the best problem solving method is needed in all field irrespective of the complexity or simplicity of the problem. Researchers and developers are doing their best to make software’s and machines more potent and intelligent. This is the advantage of artificial intelligent in developing solutions to searching algorithms that are potent and optimal. The most potent highly developed investigate method in Artificial Intelligence is the genetic algorithm. Genetic algorithm was developed to get best result to a known difficulty premised on inheritance, collection, crossover, mutation and further method. It has been proven that genetic algorithm is the most potent, impartial optimization method for analyzing a solution with large space. this research have been able to define what is genetic algorithm, how it differs from other existing traditional search optimization method, review of ten (10) traditional techniques of finding the best route in a given network. Also the design of genetic algorithm, it’s implementation on finding the best route within 20 cities (point) which is invariably the travelling salesman problem (TSP), and areas of application of application of genetic algorithms. The best route is invariably the shortest path.

With the advent of the internet, communication has taken a whole new dimension, reaching an ever-increasing audience worldwide since the late 1980s. Through the development of sophisticated technologies, a truly global network has been created with relatively low cost of entry. Communication is made easier through internet technology across borders, to an almost limitless audience. In addition to being a fundamental human right, Internet technology has numerous advantages, including its unique ability to share information and ideas. The same technologies that has help to facilitate such communication is now been used for internet misconduct or cybercrime. Cybercrime can be defined as criminal activity involving an information Technology infrastructure , including illegal access ( unauthorized access ), Illegal interception ( by technical means of non-public transmission of Computer data to, from or within a computer system), data interference (Unauthorized damaging , deletion deterioration, alteration or suppression of Computer system by inputting , transmitting, damaging, deleting, deteriorating, altering or suppressing computer data), misuse of devices, forgery (ID theft), And electronic fraud.

Characterizing the shallow subsurface is a crucial requirement for a wide range of applications and disciplines, including those relevant to hydrogeology, agriculture, civil and structural engineering, and in environmental studies (Ehirim, 2010). Geophysical methods offer relatively fast, efficient and cost effective tools for diagnosing the subsurface state to assess their capability to sustain social infrastructures such as high rise buildings, roads and railways, and for environmental monitoring to follow lateral and temporal evolution of plumes in polluted soils, which serve as fundamental basis for successful remediation of such
polluted zones.

Tin (ll) oxide was successfully deposited on glass based at room temperature using an amplified Solution Growth Technique (SGT) at a concentration of 0.12 molarity for different lengths of time (12, 18, 24, 30 and 36hrs). The glass slides went to degreasing by being submerged in concentrated Hydrochloric acid for three days, then it was rinsed in
distilled water and was main goal was air dried. A T80+ UV/VIS Double beam spectrophotometer was made use of to obtain Absorbance spectra (A) within the wavelength spectrum ranging from 202 to 315nm. The optical properties and solid-state characteristics of the films were calculated from the result gotten and mixed against other deposited thin films. The average optical and solid state properties includes: absorbance (A) = 0.658 - 0.551, transmittance (T) = 0.222 - 0.281, Reflectance (R) = 0.564 - 0.730, absorbing power =5.85 x 10 6 - 4.99 x 10 6m-1 , Refractive index (n) = 7.032 - 12.736, Film thickness (t) = -0.073 - (- 0.063) and bandgap (Eg)= 4.754 - 4.693eV. The deposited films within light range (≈4.0- 5.0eV) finds application in Solar Cells for high energy photons: materials with wider bandgap can capture high energy UV photons, potentially increasing the efficiency of solar cells to improve the standard of living in rural areas.

Twenty-two samples were collected from Egboha well in Imo Formation, from which ten(10) samples were used to identify the different lithologies, Degree of effervescence were carried out to determine samples with carbonate minerals. Geochemical analyses were also carried out to get the geochemical data using ICP-MS and ICP-OES. Geochemical data for Imo Formation are presented and applied as proxies for deciphering paleo-environment (detrital influx, redox conditions, paleo-productivity) and providing insight to paleo-environmental conditions responsible for sedimentary geochemistry of Imo Formation. The detrital influx proxies used for this work [Si/Al having values ranging from (5.386-2.976) and Ti/Al having values ranging from (0.099-0.061)], show an increase in detrital influx (rate of deposition) and coarse grain at two depths, and at the other depths there is a decrease in detrital influx and fine grain. Paleo-redox proxies used for this work [Mo/Al having values ranging from (0.539-2.429), Ni/Al having values ranging from (7.181-16.194), U/Al having values ranging from (0.467-2.065)], show an enrichment of (U, Mo, Ni) and the oxygen level being suboxic - anoxic environment. Paleo-productivity proxies [Ba/Al having values ranging from (43.088-27.935)] shows an increase in the paleo- productivity at three depths which indicates high productivity of organisms during the Paleocene period, while at other depths, low productivity of organisms can be observed. Paleo-salinity [Sr/Ba having values ranging from (0.065-0.112)] shows an increase in paleo-salinity, which indicates high salt content at two depths and at other depths low paleo-salinity can be observed at
other depths. The result shows that elemental geochemistry can be applied to Study the paleo environment, paleoclimate, and depositional conditions

Density functional theory calculations have been carried out on the Structural, Mechanical and Electronic Properties of KMnF3 and SrMoO3 Perovskite Materials based on the Density Functional Theory (DFT) by using the Ultra Soft Pseudo Potential (USPP) from the Quantum Expresso (QE) software program. The generalized gradient approximation of Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof
(GGA) is used in the calculation of total energy. The lattice constant of both compounds are well optimized. The calculated equilibrium lattice parameters, band structures, elastic constants and the elastic moduli of both KMgF3 and SrMoO3 perovskite compounds are in good agreement with theoretical results. Furthermore, I was able to obtain the Density of State and Band structure graphs for both compounds to determine their electronic properties