FACULTY OF LIFE SCIENCES

Arachis hypogaea l. (Groundnut) is a major leguminous oilseed crop widely cultivated in Nigeria for its nutritional and economic importance. It serves as a vital source of protein, oil, and bioactive compounds with health-promoting properties. Limited studies have integrated proximate, phytochemical evaluations of its varieties within different agro-ecological zones. This study aimed to carry out a comparative evaluation of the proximate, and phytochemical properties of two Arachis hypogaea varieties cultivated in Niger and Sokoto States, Nigeria. Standard analytical procedures of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists and the American Oil Chemists’ Society were employed for proximate analysis while High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) was used for quantitative phytochemical 11 determination. Data were statistically analyzed using SPSS (version 25.0) with significance set at p < 0.05. The results revealed minor variations between the two varieties. Niger samples exhibited higher fibre (15.20%) and ash content, while Sokoto samples contained higher protein (8.40%) and carbohydrate (48.70%) levels. Qualitative phytochemical screening indicated the presence of flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, and cardiac glycosides in both samples, with tannins detected only in the
Sokoto variety. HPLC results showed that the Sokoto variety had significantly higher flavonoid and terpenoid concentrations (p < 0.05), suggesting stronger antioxidant potential. The observed compositional differences indicate that environmental and varietal factors influence the nutritional and phytochemical attributes of Arachis hypogaea. Both varieties demonstrated excellent nutritional and functional qualities suitable for food, nutraceutical, and industrial applications. In conclusion, the study underscores the nutritional richness and biochemical diversity of Arachis hypogaea, recommending the Sokoto variety for nutraceutical use and the Niger variety for fibrerich food formulations. Future research integrating genetic and environmental profiling is suggested to enhance varietal improvement and industrial utilization

The research evaluates the potential health hazards arising from the inhalation of dust contaminated with heavy metals emitted during sand mining operations in Jattu, Auchi, Edo State, Nigeria. Ten surface soil samples were systematically collected
from active mining sites and analyzed for Fe, Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, Mn, Ni, Cr and Co using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry following aqua regia digestion. The results revealed that Fe (52.619mg/kg), Zn (25.586mg/kg), and Cu (21.978mg/kg) were the most abundant metals, while Cd (0.731mg/kg) and Co (2.39mg/kg) occurred in lower concentrations, with all measured values below (WHO, 2010) and (USEPA, 2001) permissible limits, indicating moderate contamination. Risk assessment followed (USEPA, 2011) guidelines to determine the Average Daily Dose (ADD) and Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk (ILCR) for both children and adults through the inhalation pathway. Findings showed that children experienced higher exposure levels and greater carcinogenic risk than adults due to physiological factors and activity patterns, with chromium contributing the most significant cancer risk. Although the overall ILCR values were within acceptable limits (<1 × 10⁻⁴), the cumulative risks suggest potential long-term health implications, especially for vulnerable populations near mining sites. The study concludes that while non-carcinogenic risks remain low, continuous exposure could elevate cancer risk over time. It recommends the
implementation of dust control measures, periodic monitoring of soil and air quality, stricter regulation of mining operations and further research on heavy metal speciation
and multi-pathway risk assessments to safeguard public health and promote
sustainable sand mining practices.

Arthritis basically means inflammation of the joints (Pirotta, 2010; Athanasiou et al., 2013). Even so, joint inflammatory disease is more like a clinical signs than a precise diagnosis. All conditions that have an impact on the joints are commonly referred to as having arthritis (Pirotta, 2010). These illnesses are included in the larger category of rheumatic diseases (Athanasiou et al., 2013). Arthritic pain is likely the most well-known type of pain in both primary and secondary care (Athanasiou et al., 2013; Pirotta, 2010). Arthritis is a condition in which a joint becomes inflamed. When joints become inflamed, they can cause stiffness, warmth, swelling, redness, and discomfort (Athanasiou et al., 2013). Gout, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, psoriatic arthritis, lupus, and spondylitis are only a few of the many kinds of arthritis.

Pain is a complex sensory and emotional experience managed with analgesics. These drugswhich has adverse effects and addiction potential have driven the search for safer alternatives from medicinal plants. Icacina trichantha oliv. is a plant used in West African for managing pain and inflammation. However, there is limited scientific evidence supporting such claims. This study evaluates the antinociceptive potential of the hydro-methanol leaf extract of Icacina trichantha in mice. Fresh leaves of I. trichantha was obtained, air-dried, pulverized and extracted using 1:1 methanol and deionized water to obtain H-MLE and then concentrated to dryness in an oven at 40°C. Phytochemical screening was carried out using standard methods. The antinociceptive experiment was conducted using two murine models: the hot water immersion test for and acetic acid-induced writhing test. Swiss albino mice “25” were divided into five groups of n = 5. Group I was administered deionized water, group II–IV was administered the extract at graded doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg, and group V, morphine (2mg/kg) for hot water immersion and aspirin, 100 mg/kg for the acetic acid-induced writhing. Phytochemical
screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, saponins, phenolics, alkaloids and carbohydrates. Results obtained revealed that H-MLE had a significant result (P<0.001) in the acetic acid-induced writhing test, but had no significant result (P>0.05) in the hot water
immersion test. This study supports its use in alleviating pain and inflammation in traditional medicine which could be due to the presence of its secondary metabolites

This study investigates the impact of urban runoff on heavy metal concentrations in Ikpoba River, focusing on water, sediment, and fish gonads. Two sampling stations, upstream and downstream, were selected to assess variations in contamination levels. In August, downstream water samples exhibited significantly elevated lead (Pb) levels (0.037 mg/L) compared to upstream (0.029 mg/L). Similarly, downstream cobalt (Co) concentrations (0.02 mg/L) were higher than upstream (0.016 mg/L). These findings indicate substantial contamination downstream, potentially from industrial sources. Sediment analysis highlighted significant downstream contamination. Lead (Pb) levels in downstream sediments (5.208 mg/kg) were markedly higher than upstream (0.362 mg/kg) in August. Cobalt (Co) also displayed elevated levels downstream (2.067 mg/kg) compared to upstream (1.718 mg/kg). Chromium (Cr) levels showed no significant difference between locations. Gonadal tissue analysis revealed alarming contamination levels. In August, pelagic fish species exhibited higher lead (Pb) concentrations (0.2818 mg/kg) compared to benthic fish (0.3943 mg/kg). Similarly, cobalt (Co) levels were elevated in pelagic fish (0.02825 mg/kg) compared to benthic fish (0.03725 mg/kg). Nickel (Ni) concentrations were also higher in pelagic fish (0.04425 mg/kg) compared to benthic fish (0.04125 mg/kg). These results underscore the vulnerability of pelagic species to heavy metal accumulation. The study reveals a substantial impact of urban runoff on Ikpoba River heavy metal contamination. Elevated lead (Pb) and cobalt (Co) levels in downstream water, sediment, and fish gonads indicate significant pollution, likely originating from industrial activities. Pelagic fish species, in particular, are more susceptible to heavy metal accumulation. Urgent pollution control measures and ongoing monitoring are imperative to protect the river’s ecosystem and the health of communities depending on it. Further research should explore the long-term consequences and potential health risks associated with these heavy metal contaminant

Freshwater ecosystems are increasingly threatened by environmental stressors, particularly in regions where rivers serve as essential resources for surrounding communities. This study assessed seasonal and spatial variations in water quality and aquatic biodiversity in rivers within Ikpe Community. The research focused on evaluating physicochemical water parameters, analyzing the composition and diversity of benthic macroinvertebrates, and applying a multimetric biological index to determine the ecological integrity of selected rivers including the Orhionmwon River, Irogbe River, and Okhuaihe River.

Water quality parameters such as temperature, pH, depth, flow rate, and chemical concentrations were measured at multiple sampling stations during both wet and dry seasons. Sediment samples were collected using composite sampling techniques, and benthic macroinvertebrates were preserved and identified in the laboratory. Physicochemical analyses followed protocols of the American Public Health Association, while heavy metal concentrations were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. Pollution indices and biodiversity metrics, including the Shannon–Wiener Diversity Index and Simpson Diversity Index, were applied to evaluate ecological conditions.

The results revealed significant seasonal and spatial variations in several water quality parameters, including electrical conductivity, transparency, and river width (p < 0.01). While most measured parameters were within the guidelines of the Federal Ministry of Environment Nigeria, turbidity exceeded recommended limits in some locations. Pollution indices indicated generally low levels of metal contamination, although mild pollution was observed in certain stations. Water Quality Index values ranged from 9.35 to 16.53, classifying all sampling stations as having excellent water quality. Macroinvertebrate taxa exhibited varying sensitivities to environmental changes, with groups such as Ephemeroptera and Diptera responding strongly to habitat alterations, while more tolerant taxa adapted to impacted conditions.

The study concluded that environmental variables such as pH, turbidity, electrical conductivity, and nutrient levels significantly influence macroinvertebrate distribution and diversity in these freshwater ecosystems. Rivers such as Orhionmwon and Okhuaihe were identified as priority areas for conservation due to observable ecological changes. The findings highlight the importance of integrating physicochemical assessments and biological indicators in monitoring freshwater ecosystem health and guiding conservation strategies.

Inflammation is a protective biological response; however, when uncontrolled it contributes to the development of chronic diseases. Conventional anti-inflammatory drugs such as Ibuprofen, Aspirin, and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are effective but often associated with adverse effects during prolonged use. This study evaluated the synergistic anti-inflammatory activity of juices from Pineapple and Watermelon as a potential safer alternative for managing inflammation.

Fresh juices were prepared and administered to albino mice at doses of 10 and 20 ml/kg following acute toxicity testing. Anti-inflammatory activity was assessed using formalin-induced paw oedema, egg albumin-induced oedema, and Carrageenan-Induced Paw Edema models. The combination of pineapple and watermelon juice significantly reduced inflammation in a dose-dependent manner across all experimental models. In some instances, the anti-inflammatory effects were comparable to those produced by standard drugs such as ibuprofen and aspirin. No signs of severe toxicity or mortality were observed during the experiment.

The observed anti-inflammatory activity is attributed to the combined effects of bioactive compounds such as Bromelain, Lycopene, and L-Citrulline, which are known to regulate oxidative stress and inflammatory mediators. The findings suggest that pineapple and watermelon juice may serve as a safe, affordable, and natural functional food-based intervention for managing inflammatory conditions.

Air pollution in motor parks has become an increasing public health concern in many urban areas. This study assessed the concentrations of key air pollutants—Carbon Monoxide, Carbon Dioxide, PM2.5, and PM10—and their associated Air Quality Index levels in selected motor parks in Benin City. The study was conducted between September and November 2024 across four randomly selected motor parks in Oredo Local Government Area.

Air quality measurements were obtained at three different sampling points within each motor park using a handheld multigas detector. Meteorological parameters such as temperature, humidity, and wind speed were also recorded during the sampling period. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical methods to determine pollutant concentrations and their implications for public health.

The results revealed that carbon monoxide concentrations ranged from 1.2 to 5.8 ppm, while PM2.5 values ranged from 20.3 to 74.6 µg/m³ and PM10 levels ranged from 45.2 to 112.4 µg/m³. Analysis of the Air Quality Index indicated that air quality in some areas ranged from “Moderate” to “Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups,” suggesting potential health risks for commuters, drivers, and traders operating within these motor parks.

The study highlights the urgent need for improved traffic management, stricter vehicle emission regulations, and increased public awareness to reduce air pollution levels in motor parks. It recommends strengthening air quality monitoring systems, enforcing pollution control policies, and promoting cleaner transportation technologies to mitigate the adverse health effects associated with urban air pollution.

This study focused on the valorization of food wastes, particularly banana and
pineapple peels, for the production of bioethanol and other valuable products using Aspergillus Niger. The fruit wastes were collected, cleaned, oven-dried, pulverized, and subjected to fermentation for 21 days a. Proximate and physicochemical analysis revealed high carbohydrate content (17.50–21.29%) and moderate protein and ash levels, indicating their suitability as substrates for microbial fermentation. During fermentation, there was a gradual decline in pH and reducing sugar concentration, confirming active microbial metabolism and sugar utilization. The mixed banana–pineapple substrate yielded the highest ethanol concentration (7.60 mL/100mL), followed by banana (7.20 mL/100 mL) and pineapple (6.80 mL/100 mL). In addition to ethanol, A. Niger produced significant quantities of citric acid (4.30mg/mL), gluconic acid (2.60 mg/mL), and carbon dioxide (4.50 g/L), reflecting
multiproduct valorization. These findings demonstrate that fruit wastes can serve as low-cost, renewable feedstocks for sustainable bioethanol and organic acid production. The research underscores the potential of waste-to-wealth conversion as an effective strategy for environmental protection, renewable energy generation, and the promotion of a circular bio economy through sustainable food waste management

Soil actinomycetes are recognized as promising sources of new antimicrobials. Antimicrobial resistance in pathogens has greatly increased in recent years, and has become a global public health problem. New antimicrobials are continuously required to combat these resistant strains. The aim of this study was to isolate and screen soil actinomycetes and evaluate their secondary metabolites for antimicrobial activities against selected pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Four soil samples were collected, pre-treated with CaCO3, serially diluted and spread plated on actinomycetes isolation agar (AIA) and international streptomyces project media 2 (ISP-2), supplemented with nystatin, neomycin and polymyxin B . Perpendicular streak method was used to check antagonistic activities of the isolated actinomycetes against test microorganisms. Small scale submerged fermentation system was used for the production of antimicrobial metabolites from the isolates. Agar well diffusion was then used to evaluate antimicrobial activities of the crude extracts against the test microorganisms. The average aerobic actinomycetes plate count from the different soil samples ranged from 3.0×10 4 ± 2.4 to 3.6×10 4 ± 1.9 CFU/g. A total of 28 different microorganisms were isolated, characterized by cultural and morphological methods and identified as actinomycetes. Out of the 28 isolates, 10 (36%) showed antimicrobial activities on primary screening; from which isolates BYQ3, CYP1, CYP2, CYP4 and CYQ2 were selected for their wide spectrum of activities. Diameters of inhibition zones produced by these 5 isolates against the test microorganisms on secondary screening, ranged from 0 to 26 mm. Isolates CYP1 and CYP2 had the widest zones with CYP1 producing 26 mm against Candida albicans. The two promising isolates were further characterized by physiological and biochemical tests and identified as genus Streptomyces. Isolate CYP1 was then identified to the specie level by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis which confirmed that Streptomyces sp. CYP1 was homologous to Streptomyces albus (strain DSM 40313) of the order Actinomycetales and class Actinobacteria. Optimization of production conditions, further purification, structural elucidation and characterization are recommended to know the quality, novelty and commercial value of these antimicrobials key words