FACULTY OF LIFE SCIENCES

This study evaluated liver function of diabetic rat treated with ethanol extract of Chrysophyllum albidum stem back. Diabetes was induced intraperitoneally in the rat with streptozotocin [STZ, 40mg/kg body weight (bwt)], and rats with fasting blood glucose levels exceeding 200 mg/dL were considered diabetic. Animals were treated with 200 mg/kg bwt ethanol extract of C. albidum stem bark or 50 mg/kg bwt metformin for 14 days, with a diabetic control group receiving no treatment. Fasting blood glucose levels were monitored using an Accu-check glucometer before and during treatment. Blood sample collected after euthenization were used for biochemical analysis. Results showed a significant reduction in blood glucose level in metformin group compared to Ethanol extract of C.albidum (p < 0.05). Activities of Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in the plasma shown no significant increase when compared to control (p>0.05). Similarly, Albumin and Bilirubin concentration show no significant increase (p>0.05). These findings suggest that ethanol extract of C. albidum stem bark particularly at 200 mg/kg bwt, exerts significant ethnomedicinal effect on diabetic rat liver.

Colorectal cancer is a major health concern worldwide, characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in the colon or rectum. While conventional treatments such as chemotherapy and surgery exist, they can be physically and emotionally taxing. This study investigates the ameliorating effects of chloroform extracts of Phyllanthus amarus and Piper guineense on 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)- induced colorectal cancer in Wistar rats. The research aimed to determine the potential of these plant extracts in mitigating oxidative stress and tissue damage caused by DMH exposure. 18 male Wistar rats were divided into three groups: a control group, a DMH-only group, and a treatment group receiving DMH along with 250 mg/kg of the chloroform extract. DMH was administered orally using a dolphin’s gavage for 8 weeks (twice a week).At the end of DMH administration, 250 mg/kg bwt of Chloroform fraction of P.amarus and P.guinensis were administered with the aid of a dolphin’s gavage for 2 weeks (daily) treatment period. Biochemical markers such as liver and kidney function enzymes, oxidative stress indicators (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and malondialdehyde), and serum electrolytes as well as Tumor Protein 53(TP53)were analyzed. The results indicated a significant increase in oxidative stress markers in the DMH-only group, while rats treated with the plant extracts exhibited improved antioxidant enzyme activities and reduced markers of tissue damage. These findings suggest that Phyllanthus amarus and Piper guineense possess potential chemoprotective properties against DMH-induced colorectal cancer through antioxidant mechanisms. Further research is necessary to explore their clinical applicability and potential therapeutic benefits in cancer prevention and treatment.

The global rise of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a critical health crisis, making oncetreatable infections dangerous again. This problem is particularly severe in hospital settings, where the frequent use of antibiotics and the concentration of sick patients create an ideal environment for drug-resistant bacteria to spread. The aim of this study is to determine the antimicrobial resistance patterns of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from hospital-acquired infections in children at a tertiary hospital in Benin City. Using a cross-sectional design, clinical samples from 67 pediatric patients were analyzed for Staphylococcus aureus isolation, susceptibility testing via Kirby-Bauer method, and MRSA detection with cefoxitin. Staphylococcus aureus was the predominant pathogen (50% of isolates), with 53.1% multidrugresistant and 30.4% MRSA; high resistance noted to erythromycin (70%) and amikacin (73.1%), but full susceptibility to meropenem and piperacillin; male predominance (67.2%) and older adolescents as largest group (33.3%).These findings highlight alarming AMR levels in pediatric HAIs, aligning with SSA trends and underscoring gaps in empirical therapy. Urgent stewardship and surveillance are needed to curb resistance and improve outcomes.

The increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has heightened the interest in medicinal plants as potential sources of bioactive compounds. This study evaluated the phytochemical composition, antioxidant potential, and antibacterial activity of ethanol leaf extracts of Jatropha tanjorensis (commonly known as Hospital-too-far) against selected clinical bacterial isolates. Leaves of J. tanjorensis were collected from the University of Benin Botanical Garden and authenticated in the herbarium of the Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology. Clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli were obtained from the University of Benin Teaching Hospital. Qualitative phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of phenols, flavonoids, and alkaloids in high concentrations, while tannins and saponins were present at lower levels. Quantitative analysis showed phenols as the most abundant compound (129.31 µg/ml), followed by tannins (100.57 µg/ml), flavonoids (46.97 µg/ml), alkaloids (9.33%), and saponins (3.17%). Antioxidant evaluation demonstrated significant activity, with Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) of 219.08 µg/ml and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Potential (FRAP) of 2607.27 µM. The extract also exhibited dose-dependent DPPH radical scavenging activity, with 48.97% inhibition at 10 µg/ml and 69.60% at 100 µg/ml. Antibacterial assessment revealed broad-spectrum activity, with Klebsiella pneumoniae being most susceptible (zone of inhibition: 18 mm at 30 µg/ml), while Escherichia coli and S. aureus showed moderate inhibition. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) ranged from 20–30 µg/ml, indicating bacteriostatic effects at lower concentrations and bactericidal activity at higher doses. Antibiotic susceptibility testing of the isolates confirmed high resistance to commonly used antibiotics, emphasizing the therapeutic potential of the plant extract. Overall, Jatropha tanjorensis leaves contain bioactive compounds with potent antioxidant and antibacterial properties, supporting its traditional use and potential application in combating resistant bacterial infections.

This study assessed the quality of drinking water in households within Utagban Community, Benin City, Nigeria, an area largely inhabited by artisans and small business owners who depend on sachet, borehole, and well water for domestic use. The aim of the study was to evaluate the drinking water quality and household water management and hygiene practices, in Utagban community. The study examined physicochemical characteristics, and determined the levels of total heterotrophic bacteria, coliforms, and Escherichia coli across various water sources. A structured questionnaire was used to assess the various household hygiene practices. Water samples (25) were aseptically collected from household for laboratory analysis. Physicochemical parameters such as pH, temperature, total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), and salinity were measured using a digital water quality meter, while microbiological analysis was conducted using the spread plate technique on Nutrient Agar and Chromogenic Coliform Agar to quantify bacterial loads. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22.0 and Microsoft Excel. Results showed that sachet water was the most consumed (67%), followed by borehole water (30%) and well water (2%). Physicochemical parameters were generally within WHO limits, with pH ranging from 6.2 to 7.7. Mean heterotrophic bacterial counts varied from 0 to 82×10² CFU/mL, highest in well water. Coliforms were detected in borehole and sachet water but absent in bottled water, and E. coli was not found in any sample. The findings highlight moderate microbiological contamination in some water sources, underscoring the need for regular monitoring and improved household hygiene practices to ensure safe drinking water.

Geophagy, the deliberate consumption of clay or soil, is a common cultural practice in many
parts of the world, including Nigeria. Although often believed to have therapeutic benefits, some
geophagic clays may contain toxic elements that pose health risks. This study assessed the
toxicity potential of Uzalla geophagic clay by exposing Drosophila melanogaster to varying
concentrations of the clay and assessing their survival rate, locomotor performance, and
neurotoxic gene expression. Flies were exposed to different concentrations of the clay (0.025
g/mL, 0.05 g/mL, and 0.1 g/mL) for five days, and assessments were made on survival rate,
locomotor performance (negative geotaxis), and neurotoxic gene expression. The results revealed
a concentration-dependent decline in survival, with the highest mortality recorded at 0.1 g/mL.
However, negative geotaxis assays indicated improved locomotor performance across all
exposed groups in contrast to the control group, suggesting a possible stimulatory effect. Gene
expression analysis showed upregulation of Spitz, Eiger, and Hedgehog, reflecting activation of
stress and neuroprotective pathways, while Wingless and Keap1 were downregulated, indicating
oxidative imbalance and neuronal disruption. This study shows that Uzalla geophagic clay
exhibited neurotoxic potential at higher concentrations, evidenced by reduced survival, altered
locomotor performance, and disrupted gene expression associated with neural stress.

Heavy metal contamination of food crops is a major environmental and public health hazard, especially in poorer countries with poor waste management procedures. This study looked at the bioaccumulation of selected heavy metals—Cadmium (Cd), Lead (Pb), Zinc (Zn), Nickel (Ni), and Copper (Cu)—in commonly consumed fruit samples (pawpaw, orange, pear, and garden egg) collected from areas with improper waste disposal in Obazogbe Community, Orhiomwon Local Government Area, Edo State, Nigeria. Following regular digestion processes, samples were analysed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). The observed metal concentrations were compared to the allowed limits defined by the World Health Organisation (WHO) and the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO). The results showed that Pb and Cd levels in most fruit samples surpassed suggested safety criteria, whereas Zn, Ni, and Cu were within or slightly above permissible ranges. The increased levels of Pb and Cd suggest contamination from local dumpsites, open garbage burning, and polluted irrigation water. Continuous use of such tainted fruits may pose major health hazards, including neurotoxicity, renal damage, and carcinogenic effects. The study emphasises the critical need for better waste management techniques, regular environmental monitoring, and public health awareness in order to limit heavy metal exposure through fruit intake. It also advocates for the implementation of sustainable agriculture and waste disposal techniques in rural communities to protect food safety and human health.

Air pollution in market environments poses significant public health risks, particularly in urban areas with high commercial activities. This study aims to determine the concentrations and health risks associated with ambient air pollutants in the Uwelu Spare Parts Market, Benin city, Nigeria. Air quality monitoring was carried out weekly from October to December 2024 at morning and evening intervals. Carbon monoxide (CO), PM2.5, and PM10 concentrations were measured via a Smart Sensor Model AS8700A, whereas temperature and relative humidity were recorded via an anemometer (BTMETER BT-100). A structured questionnaire was used to assess the respiratory health status of market users. The results revealed that CO concentrations ranged from 2.5–3.6 ppm in the morning and 2.3–3.2 ppm in the evening, remaining within the WHO (2021) limits. However, the PM2.5 and PM10 levels exceeded the WHO guidelines in the evening, indicating increased pollution due to commercial activities, generator use, and waste burning. Statistical analysis revealed significant variations (p<0.01) in the PM10 concentrations in the morning and in the PM2.5 and PM10 levels in the evening. Common respiratory symptoms reported among the respondents included cough (67%), phlegm (36%), and chest pain (20%). This study recommends improved waste management, regulated generator use, enhanced ventilation, and routine air quality monitoring to mitigate risks and protect public health. Implementing these measures can contribute to a safer market environment.

Climate change is part of the most pressing environmental challenges of the 21st century, with its adverse effects felt across the globe through increase in temperatures, altered rainfall patterns, and increasing incidences of extreme weather events. These changes pose serious threats to food security, livelihoods, and sustainable development. In regions like Benin City (Edo State, Nigeria), climate-induced flooding and other extreme events have undermined food availability and lead to food security. This study examines determinants of adopting climate change adaptation strategies for food security in Benin City. A structured Likert-scale questionnaire was distributed to one hundred and fifty (150) respondents using google form and the data collected was subjected to descriptive and correlation statistics using statistical package for social scientists (SPSS) . The results showed low awareness of climate change impacts on food security. Correlation analysis revealed moderate positive relationships between awareness to climate change and socio-demographic factors which is statistically significant (r = 0.373, p = 0.000<0.05) and between awareness to climate change and socio-cultural influences which is also statistically significant (r = 0.380, p = 0.000<0.05). However, the study also identified barriers such as inadequate institutional support, limited access to finance, and weak infrastructural capacity as key challenges limiting effective responses. It was concluded that although local communities in Benin City demonstrate resilience through livelihood diversification, their capacity to adapt remains constrained without coordinated government intervention and broader policy support. The study recommends the introduction of climate change awareness into educational and extension programmes, the promotion of renewable energy and sustainable agricultural practices, improved access to climate information, investment in sustainable agricultural practices, and stronger collaboration between government agencies, private actors, and civil society in order to enhance adaptive capacity and safeguard livelihoods.

Rabbit gastrointestinal tracts harbour a variety of bacteria that are shed in stool and some are beneficial while others are pathogenic. Fifteen (15) rabbit stool samples were collected from three different farms (University of Benin farm, Okene Farm and Animal house) with sterile universal bottles and samples were immediately transported to the laboratory for bacteriological analysis. Total heterotrophic bacterial counts and culture were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Bacterial identification was also carried out using selective media and various biochemical tests. Phenotypic virulence factors (haemolysin, gelatinase production, serum resistance and capsule formation assays) were carried out on the bacterial isolates. Antibiotic susceptibility was carried out using the Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton agar. Results showed that Animal House had the highest bacterial load (12.9 × 10⁶ ± 1.4 CFU/g) while University of Benin Farm the lowest (2.1 × 10⁶ ± 1.4 CFU/g) (p < 0.001). The bacteria isolated include, Lactobacillus sp. (26%), Neisseria sp. (20%), Staphylococcus aureus (20%), Bacillus sp. (13%), Escherichia coli (13%) and Salmonella sp. (6%). Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus sp., E. coli, and Salmonella sp. exhibited β-haemolysis, gelatinase activity, serum resistance and capsule formation, while Lactobacillus sp. and Neisseria sp. lacked these virulence factors. All isolates were susceptible to levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, rifampicin and ceftazidime but resistant to gentamicin, cefuroxime, streptomycin, azithromycin, amoxicillin and erythromycin. Rabbit stool contains both commensal and opportunistic pathogens carrying resistant bacteria.