PHENOTYPIC

Rabbit gastrointestinal tracts harbour a variety of bacteria that are shed in stool and some are beneficial while others are pathogenic. Fifteen (15) rabbit stool samples were collected from three different farms (University of Benin farm, Okene Farm and Animal house) with sterile universal bottles and samples were immediately transported to the laboratory for bacteriological analysis. Total heterotrophic bacterial counts and culture were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Bacterial identification was also carried out using selective media and various biochemical tests. Phenotypic virulence factors (haemolysin, gelatinase production, serum resistance and capsule formation assays) were carried out on the bacterial isolates. Antibiotic susceptibility was carried out using the Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton agar. Results showed that Animal House had the highest bacterial load (12.9 × 10⁶ ± 1.4 CFU/g) while University of Benin Farm the lowest (2.1 × 10⁶ ± 1.4 CFU/g) (p < 0.001). The bacteria isolated include, Lactobacillus sp. (26%), Neisseria sp. (20%), Staphylococcus aureus (20%), Bacillus sp. (13%), Escherichia coli (13%) and Salmonella sp. (6%). Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus sp., E. coli, and Salmonella sp. exhibited β-haemolysis, gelatinase activity, serum resistance and capsule formation, while Lactobacillus sp. and Neisseria sp. lacked these virulence factors. All isolates were susceptible to levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, rifampicin and ceftazidime but resistant to gentamicin, cefuroxime, streptomycin, azithromycin, amoxicillin and erythromycin. Rabbit stool contains both commensal and opportunistic pathogens carrying resistant bacteria.

Background: Street-vended foods are a crucial and affordable source of nutrition for millions globally, particularly in developing urban areas. However, poor hygiene practices during preparation, handling, and storage pose significant public health risks. This study investigated the antibiotic resistance patterns and phenotypic virulence characteristics of bacterial pathogens isolated from various street-vended foods.Methods: A total of [Number, e.g., 150] street-vended food samples (including [list types of food, e.g., ready-to-eat meats, salads, rice dishes]) were randomly collected from [Location/City]. Bacterial isolation and identification were performed using standard microbiological and biochemical techniques. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was conducted using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method against [Number] commonly prescribed antibiotics. Phenotypic virulence traits, including hemolysin production, biofilm formation, capsule production, and motility, were evaluated using specialized agar media and assays.Results: The predominant bacterial isolates identified were [e.g., Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella spp.]. Antibiotic susceptibility profiling revealed alarming rates of resistance, particularly toward [Name 1-2 antibiotics, e.g., ampicillin and tetracycline], with [Percentage]% of the isolates classified as multidrug-resistant (MDR). Phenotypic characterization demonstrated high virulence potential among the isolates: [Percentage]% exhibited $\beta$-hemolytic activity, [Percentage]% were proficient biofilm formers, and [Percentage]% demonstrated active motility. A strong correlation was observed between biofilm-forming capabilities and resistance to critical-line antibiotics. Conclusion: The findings underscore that street-vended foods in [Location] serve as major reservoirs for virulent, multidrug-resistant bacteria. The coexistence of high phenotypic virulence and extensive antibiotic resistance among these isolates presents a severe threat to consumer safety and public health. There is an urgent need for stricter enforcement of food safety regulations, routine microbiological surveillance, and comprehensive hygiene training for food vendors to mitigate the risk of foodborne outbreaks.