FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

Lithium-ion batteries presence today as cornerstone power solutions for all scales of energy management from consumer electronic devices to electric vehicles and renew able systems. The high energy density together with long life cycle of lithium-ion batteries exists with reliability and safety risks due to thermal runaway and internal short circuits and capacity degradation faults. A new generative deep learning framework emerged for lithium-ion battery fault diagnosis through advanced machine learning implementations which improved anomaly detection alongside predictive fault analysis capabilities. Reliability measurements in batteries could be assessed through a method which integrates Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) and attention mechanisms plus spiral correlation detection for analysing complex non-linear characteristics. The model required data processing and temporal sequence generation as well as feature graph construction steps to ensure accuracy and resistance to external conditions. The system utilized synthetic and real data sets to reach an accuracy level of 95.6% and achieved 92.8% recall performance together with 0.98 AUC- ROC score. These metrics show that the framework successfully detects minor anomalies in addition to making exact judgments about normal and faulty battery states. Analysis demonstrated that GNNs work well for parameter relationship modelling and attention methods direct the model toward significant features like temperature and voltage variations. Spiral correlation detection as a method delivered ground breaking understanding of nonlinear fault patterns especially in cases of capacity fade and electrode degradation. These study findings show how integrating deep learning methods with specialized domain understanding allows the resolution of essential battery diagnostic problems.

This project work endeavors to address the growing need for modern digital platforms within religious organizations. In today's interconnected world, an online presence has become indispensable for churches to engage with their congregations ef fectively and provide valuable resources. The primary objectives of this project were to create an intuitive and user-friendly church website that facilitates communication, fosters community engagement, and aligns with the church's mission and values. The development of the church website involved a meticulous and systematic approach. Extensive research was conducted to understand the unique requirements of a church website, including features that promote interactivity and spiritual growth. The frontend design was meticulously crafted to ensure an appealing aesthetic while maintaining user-friendliness. Responsive web design principles were implemented to guarantee a seamless experience across various devices. The development process adhered to industry best practices, utilizing HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and modern frontend libraries. The project culminated in the successful creation of a dynamic and engaging church website. The website features an intuitive navigation system, allowing users to access a wide range of content, including service schedules, sermons, and event up dates, and an interactive community forum. The responsive design ensures accessibility from smartphones, tablets, and desktops, enhancing user convenience. User fee back and engagement have been overwhelmingly positive, with increased participation in church activities and a stronger sense of online community. The church website has not only facilitated communication between the church leadership and its members but has also served as a valuable tool for outreach and connecting with a broader audience. In conclusion, the "Frontend-Based Project on the Design and Development of a Church Website" has successfully delivered an innovative digital platform that aligns with the church's mission of fostering community, spiritual growth, and outreach in the digital age. Proving the untethered benefits of technology to the society and all its innumerable facets.

The amount of sunlight that strikes the earth’s surface in an hour and a half is enough to handle the entire world’s energy consumption for a full year. Solar Power Technology is one of the major types of green and renewable energy. They are used to convert sunlight into electrical energy either through photovoltaic (PV) panels or through mirrors that concentrate solar radiation. This energy can be used to generate electricity or be stored in batteries or thermal storage. This project is titled “The Design of a Standalone Solar Power System for Four Offices in Electrical/Electronic Department”. The project aims to design and install a Standalone Solar system to provide power supply for the critical loads present in four offices in Electrical/Electronic department, University of Benin. The methodology employed in this project was to calculate and estimate the electrical loads and
critical loads in the four offices in Electrical/Electronic department, the sizing and installation of solar panels, batteries, inverter and charge controller, and lastly the test results and maintenance procedures carried out after the installation. This PV system consist of 3.5KVA 220V inverter at 50Hz which incorporates 14 300W-Solar panels all connected in parallel, 2 deep cycle batteries rated 200Ah, 12V connected in series and a 12V 200Amps charge controller. The system was designed to assess the total electric power demand. During the day the output from the PV charges the batteries and feed the load and when power
failure occurs from the grid, the stored energy in the battery is again supplied back to the load in order to ensure there is always availability of power in the office

s that incorporates the ATmega328P microcontroller for precise control of two servo motors. The primary objective is to enhance the energy efficiency of solar photovoltaic systems by optimizing the orientation of solar panels to track the sun's movement across both horizontal and vertical axes. The ATmega328P microcontroller serves as the central control unit, receiving real-time data from sun position sensors. By utilizing this data, the microcontroller calculates the optimal angles for the solar panels to maximize their exposure to sunlight throughout the day. The servo motors are responsible for executing these calculated movements, ensuring that the panels are constantly aligned with the sun. The research focuses on the detailed design and construction process of the Dual Axis Solar Tracker System, including the integration of the ATmega328P microcontroller. Performance evaluation includes tracking accuracy, energy yield, and cost-effectiveness. The findings demonstrate that this innovative solar tracking solution significantly enhances the energy capture capabilities of solar installations, making it a promising technology for improving the sustainability and efficiency of renewable energy systems in various applications.

The previous system which had a 3.5KVA, 48V inverter, eight(8) 12V, 220AH wet cell batteriesb and eight(8) 150W, 24V solar panels was disconnected. A new inverter which is a hybrid inverter of rating 7.5KVA, 48V was purchased alongside with four(4) 12V, 220AH wet cell batteries. The panels which were placed on the roof 500m from the stationary unit was cleaned up with wet rags and mild detergent, and the eight(8) old batteries were cleaned up and revamped by addition of distilled water and the batteries were arranged in three(3) frameworks (four to each). A framework containing the four(4) new 12V batteries connected in series to give a steady voltage of 48V were connected to the 7.5KVA inverter of which also had the solar panels connected to it. These
made up Unit A while the other two framework which had the four(4) old 12V batteries connected in series each (making up 8 batteries) were connected together in parallel to make up for the steady 48V and then connected to the 3.5KVA inverter which was connected to a 48V, 50A charge controller on which the solar panels were connected to. These connections made up Unit B. Unit A was made to supply the departmental offices and the lecturer offices which carries more load while Unit B was made to supply the 400level, 500level class and other few minor devices which had less load. The integration of both Units and the separation of loads led to a more efficient and reliable PV system for the department of Mechanical engineering as the alternate source of power can now be used for longer hours without powering down.

The study investigated the use of palm kernel shells and snail shells in the synthesis of a bio-based bifunctional heterogeneous catalyst. Using impregnation methods, palm kernel shells (PKS) biochar was functionalized with calcined snail shell doped with copper sulphate. The catalytic activity of the resulting catalyst was tested through the simultaneous esterification and transesterification of palm kernel oil (PKO). The characteristics of the catalyst were examined using X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The results showed that catalyst formulation with 90wt% CaO catalyst and 10 wt% activated PKS biochar generates the greatest biodiesel yield of 93.2%; this was reached with 3 wt% catalyst loading, 12:1 methanol to PKO molar ratio at 60 C within 1 hour and 30 minutes of reaction time. The bifunctional heterogeneous catalyst is chemically stable and can be reused up to five times, producing 72.6% biodiesel in the final cycles. The results show that the biodiesel produced meets the worldwide standards. The use of waste material to create an effective bifunctional catalyst for biodiesel synthesis from palm kernel oil (PKO) has significant commercialization potential in the future.

ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study is to assess and compare the quality of six different brands of sachet water that are being marketed in Benin City, ascertain the authenticity of these sachet water collected by verifying the NAFDAC registration numbers, estimate the standard of each sachet water over a period of thirty days and analyze the physical, chemical and biological parameters of each sachet water compared to WHO and NAFDAC standards.
The samples were collected and analyzed in the Benin Owena River Basin laboratory in the University of Benin (UNIBEN) for various physical, chemical and biological parameters such as Hardness, color, pH, conductivity, total coliform etc. The samples were analyzed in thirty days interval to ascertain the quality of each sachet water after a month. This study was carried out through sample collection and data acquisition from textbooks, journals and articles.
The results gotten were compared to the standard set of each parameters by National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC) and the World Health Organization (WHO). From the test result, the physical parameters tested for were in accordance to WHO and NAFDAC standards. The chemical parameters tested for were also in accordance to WHO and NAFDAC range of values in both analysis. For the biological analysis, four out of six samples tested contained coliform during the first analysis and all the sachet water analyzed contained some amount of coliform after the water samples were tested after thirty days. Therefore none of the sachet water is completely recommended for drinking after thirty days. From this study there is need for improvement of the biological treatments of sachet water by production companies.

Security is a very important part of any organizations structure. The modern age comes with an increasing need for secure and flexible access control systems. This project designs and implements a Radio Frequency Identification security door lock system. It features a mobile application is also built to control the system and manage user accounts and permissions. Wi-Fi connectivity is implemented to enhance access control. The limitations of traditional lock systems is the major motivation behind this project. Although noteworthy achievements have been made
in this field, there is still a lot that can be improved upon. This project utilizes the ESP32 microcontroller, RFID reader module, electronic bolt lock as the primary components. This system primarily authenticates users with the use of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags. The application also servers as a secondary access option when needed.
The application is used to control and manage users and cards. Role based access makes it possible for different user roles to have different levels of authority over the system. User and card information are stored in a PostgreSQL database which makes it easy to manage the system from different locations. The system also possesses a battery system as a source of alternative power in the event of power outages. This project takes an Internet of Things (IOT) approach to RFID security and connects the lock hardware and software seamlessly to make the system more efficient, flexible and robust. The system is tested to approximate its behavior in a real-life situation before it is installed. The tests proves that the system is an improvement in efficiency, ease of use and flexibility in access control and security. There are a lot of other opportunities that could be explored that would further improve the systems performance but are beyond the scope of this project work and are suggested in the recommendations for future work.

This paper assessed the impact of the oil and gas exploitation of the xyz in the Niger Delta region. The Niger Delta region is best known as a region that sustains much oil exploration and exploitation by the agent of western economic power. The Niger Delta region basin is considered as the mainstay of the Nigeria economy for its significantly high level of the oil reserves. The revenue and incomes generated by the petroleum industry have contributed to
the well-being of Nigeria. There have been cases of oil spillage reported leaving the people completely impoverished with no meaningful alternative source of livelihood .This study was designed to investigate the impact of crude oil exploitation in producing communities by accessing the extent to which it has led to environmental degradation such as heavy metal exposure. This investigation was done by carrying out a comparative study on the producing and non-oil producing communities. To achieve this objective the soil, plant and produced water[effluent] were collected from the oil and non-oil producing communities and analyzed using atomic absorption spectrometry for copper, iron, cadmium, lead, zinc, and magnesium respectively and comparing with WHO standard. The result showed a significant relationship between oil exploitation and environmental degradation in the community. In view of these finding remediation method must be adopted to safeguard the communities. The data will be useful for future monitoring of heavy metal exposure in the communities.

The cleaning of living and work spaces are a fundamental human activity. Cleaning must be done for
safety and human health. The process of cleaning can be cumbersome, tasking on the human muscle
and time consuming when done in the traditional way of using brooms, brushes and similar tools.
Modern living and work requirements demands that cleaning must be done fast and more efficiently.
This need therefore demands that the cleaning of living and work spaces has to be mechanized to take
away the burden from human muscles, improve efficiency, save time and cost. One way of achieving
this is through the use of Vacuum Cleaners.
A literature review during the course of this project work revealed that virtually all available Vacuum
Cleaners listed and reviewed online as well as those found in shops here in Nigeria are highly
technologically sophisticated and unaffordable for homes and small scale firms. The need therefore
arises for the production of a locally affordable Vacuum Cleaner made from readily available local
materials. The literature review and search identified a simple handheld Vacuum Cleaner that can be
modified and adapted through a redesign to use locally available materials for its production. Several
concept designs were proposed and the most acceptable in terms of simplicity, availability of local
materials and affordability was chosen.
The components for the chosen design were redesigned one by one with the idea of local production
in mind. These includes the intake Wand and its dust agitator, the housing, the motor and its mounting
within the housing, the air stream expansion section of the housing, the dust bag and its attachment to
the housing and finally air flow exhaust area. After the design of these components the material
needed for their fabrication were procured and the components fabricated. These fabricated
components were then assembled to produce the portable Vacuum Cleaner complete with a shoulder
hanging belt.
The assembled unit was then tested in the 500 level classroom. The performance of the Vacuum
Cleaner was found to be really effective in dust pickup through the dust agitator at the end of the end
of the wand that is always pressed against the floor as it is pushed back and forth during the cleaning
process. No dust particle size in the classroom was left on the floor during the testing. It is worthy of
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note that there was a small amount of very very fine particles of dust noticed in the effluent exhaust
air. The possible reasons suggested for this unwanted occurrence by our project group were listed as
1. A larger than required dust bag particle size retention holes that allowed these very fine dust
particles to escape with the exhaust air.
and or
2. Insufficient expansion of the exhaust air to reduce its speed to allow these very fine particles to
deposit in the air stream expansion zone of the Vacuum Cleaner housing.
For the fact that the fabricated Vacuum Cleaner was able to pick up virtually all particles on the floor,
this project is therefore considered a great success. It is hoped that improvements to this design would
continue to be carried out in future project work until it reaches the perfection in both aesthetics and
performance for commercialization.