COLLEGE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES

Cerebellar disorders are a class of neurological impairments characterized by unsteady gait anduncoordinated movements, typically resulting from lesions or pathologies affecting the cerebellum. These disorders may arise from congenital anomalies, hereditary ataxias, or exposure to environmental neurotoxicants such as heavy metals. Mercury, a highly toxic heavy metal, is known to exert deleterious effects on the central nervous system. Its lipophilic nature enables it to cross the blood-brain barrier, where it accumulates and induces oxidative stress, leading to neuroinflammation, neuronal damage, and impaired motor coordination. Dietary antioxidants have shown promise in combating mercury-induced neurotoxicity. Accordingly, this study investigated the activity of ethanol extract of Pleurotus ostreatus (P. ostreatus) against mercuric chloride (HgCl2) induced cerebellar toxicity in Wistar rats. In this study, fortytwo (42) Wistar rats were randomly assigned into six groups (A-F). Group A rats served as control; Group B received 4 mg/kg body weight [bw] of HgCl2 only; Group C received 4 mg/kg bw of HgCl2+ 250 mg/kg of P. ostreatus; Group D received 4 mg/kg bw of HgCl2 + 500 mg/kg of P. ostreatus; Group E received 250 mg/kg bw of P. ostreatus only and Group F received 500mg/kg bw of P. ostreatus only. All administrations were done orally for twenty-eight (28) days. Neurobehavioural activity was subsequently evaluated using the Open Field, String, Movement Initiation and Step Tests. Following the assessments, the experimental rats were sacrificed via cervical dislocation and the cerebellum harvested for antioxidant enzymes activity, lipid peroxidation, mercury concentration and histological assessments. The findings revealed that rats exposed to HgCl2 exhibited significant (p <0.05) weight loss, motor deficit, impaired antioxidant defense, elevated lipid peroxidation, elevated mercury levels and degeneration of Purkinje cells and molecular layer neurons. However, co-administration with P. ostreatus significantly (p < 0.05) mitigated these mercury-induced cerebellar alterations in Wistar rats. Overall, the findings from this study indicate that P. Ostreatus mitigates mercuric chloride-induced cerebellar toxicity, primarily through its antioxidant, neuroprotective, and metal-chelating properties, thus making it a promising agent for the development of novel therapeutic strategies aimed at managing mercury neurotoxicity and its associated motor impairments.

Herbal remedies are widely utilized in traditional medicine, but scientific validation of theirsafety, particularly in combination, remains limited. This study investigated the gastrointestinal histopathological effects of aqueous extracts of Tetrapleura tetraptera fruit and Jatrophacurcasleaves in female Wistar rats. Twenty-four adult rats (107–155 g) were assigned into four groups(n = 6): Group A (control) received feed and water only; Group B received T. tetrapteraextract
(200 mg/kg); Group C received J. curcas extract (400 mg/kg); and Group Dreceivedbothextracts concurrently at the same doses. Treatments were administered orally for 28 consecutivedays. Parameters assessed included body weight, organ weight, fecal occult blood, andhistopathological evaluation of the stomach, small intestine and rectum. Statistical analysisrevealed no significant differences (p > 0.05) in body weight, organ weight, or fecal occult bloodamong the experimental groups. Histological findings showed that both T. tetrapteraandJ. curcas extracts preserved normal gastrointestinal cytoarchitecture, with intact epithelial linings, well-organized lamina propria, and continuous muscularis mucosae. The small andlargeintestines displayed healthy villi and abundant goblet cells without evidence of necrosis, erosion, or inflammatory infiltration. However, sections of the stomach from the combined-extract grouprevealed mild gastric erosion with focal epithelial disruption and minimal inflammatorycell presence. These findings indicate that while aqueous extracts of T. tetraptera and J. curcas areindividually safe at the tested doses, their concurrent administration may induce mildgastricirritation, suggesting a possible herb–herb interaction. Further phytochemical and chronictoxicity studies are recommended to clarify the mechanisms of interaction and establishsafeusage parameters for polyherbal formulations containing these species.

Alstonia boonei, a plant species known for its medicinal properties and a tropical tree native to Africa, may exhibit protective effects on some vital organs. Various parts of the tree, including the bark, leaves, and roots, have been used in traditional medicine for their anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties. The aim of this study is to evaluate the histomorphological effects of Alstonia boonei stem bark extract on the liver and kidney of Wistar albino rats. Thirty healthy rats were separated into groups and housed in controlled conditions. Histopathological examinations will assess potential damage or protective effects. Given Alstonia boonei's potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, it may offer benefits for liver and kidney health. The results of this study may provide insights into the potential therapeutic applications of Alstonia boonei in preventing liver and kidney damage. Some studies suggest that Alstonia boonei stem bark extract may have hepatoprotective properties, reducing liver damage and inflammation. Additionally, it may alleviate hyperlipidemia and renal malfunctions in benign prostatic hyperplasia-induced rats . Further research is needed to explore the mechanisms underlying these effects and to determine the optimal dosage for maximum protection.

BACKGROUND: Body Mass Index (BMI) is a widely used measure of nutritional status and health risk, categorized as underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obesity. Abnormal BMI values have significant health implications, including increased risk for non-communicable diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, and bone-related disorders. Among university undergraduates, lifestyle changes, dietary patterns, and perceptions of weight￾for-height influence BMI status, making it important to assess knowledge, prevalence, perceptions, and determinants. OBJECTIVES: This study assessed the knowledge of health implications of abnormal BMI, prevalence of BMI categories, perception of personal weight-for-height, and determinants of BMI status among undergraduates in the University of Benin. METHODOLOGY: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out among 350 undergraduate students of the University of Benin between September 2024 and August 2025. Respondents were selected using a multistage sampling technique. Data was collected using a structured self-administered questionnaire adapted from related studies. Knowledge was scored and categorized into good or poor, while perception of BMI was assessed by comparing self￾reported weight-for-height classification with actual BMI. Anthropometric data were self￾reported and BMI was calculated. Data was analyzed using IBM SPSS version 25.0 with descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate analyses. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Ethical approval was obtained from the University of Benin Teaching Hospital Ethics and Research Committee. RESULTS: The mean age ± SD of respondents was 21.0 ± 2.85 years. The majority of respondents 272 (77.7%) demonstrated good knowledge of abnormal BMI, while 78 (22.3%) had xiii poor knowledge. A significant proportion 263 (75.1%) had normal BMI, while 87 (24.9%) had abnormal BMI, comprising 36 (10.3%) underweight, 35 (10.0%) overweight, and 16 (4.6%), (27.1%) misperceived their weight status. Age (p < 0.001), degree programme (p < 0.001), academic level (p < 0.001), marital status (p = 0.028), residence (p = 0.001), source of income (p < 0.001), and monthly income (p < 0.001) were significantly associated with knowledge of abnormal BMI. Gender (p < 0.001), age group (p < 0.001), programme of study (p = 0.003), academic level (p < 0.001), marital status (p = 0.012), residence (p = 0.007), source of income (p = 0.003), and monthly income (p < 0.001) were significantly associated with perception of BMI. Logistic regression revealed that age, sex, academic level, and income significantly influenced BMI status and perception. CONCLUSION: The study revealed that most undergraduates had good knowledge of abnormal BMI and a majority had normal BMI, though a considerable proportion were underweight, overweight, or obese. While perception of weight-for-height was correct among most respondents, misperception remained notable. Socio-demographic factors including age, sex, programme of study, academic level, and income were significant determinants of knowledge, BMI, and perception. Strengthening targeted health education, encouraging healthy dietary practices, and promoting physical activity among undergraduates are critical in preventing abnormal BMI and its long-term health consequences.

Background: Physical inactivity is a major global public health concern, contributing to the rise of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and premature mortality. Despite the widely acknowledged importance of sporting activities for physical, mental, and social well-being, there is a dearth of comprehensive data on the participation of undergraduate students in Nigeria. Understanding the role of sports among this population is crucial for developing effective health promotion strategies. Objectives: To assess the role of sporting activities among undergraduate students in selected tertiary institutions in Benin City in order to inform policy and program development regarding sports. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 400 undergraduate students in selected tertiary institutions in Benin City, Edo State. Data was collected using a pretested, self-administered questionnaire. The study utilized the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), the Exercise Benefits and Barriers Scale (EBBS), and the Academic Achievement Questionnaire (AAQ) as tools. Data was entered and analyzed using IBM SPSS version 25.0. Bivariate and multivariate analysis was conducted, with the level of significance set at p < 0.05. Results: The mean age of respondents was 21.95 ± 2.834 years, with a slight predominance of females 207 (51.7%). Knowledge of sporting activities was poor with only a little over one-third 147 (36.8%) of the undergraduates demonstrating good knowledge of sporting activities. Majority 292 (73.0%) of undergraduates expressed a positive attitude towards sporting activities. Only 135 (33.8%) of the undergraduates participated in sporting activities. The most common sports were running (49.8%), football (45.8%), and high jump (41.1%). Key determinants of 1 non-participation included lack of time and heavy academic workload. Students who engaged in sporting activities had better academic performance compared to those who did not, though it was not statistically significant. Conclusion: Although undergraduate students largely possess a positive attitude towards sporting activities, their knowledge is low and participation is low. The study highlights the need for structured interventions to improve knowledge and remove the structural barriers to participation, which, in turn, contribute positively to the academic performance of students.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic Gram-negative pathogen of major clinical concerndue to its adaptability, virulence determinants, and increasing multidrug resistance (MDR). It isaleading cause of urinary tract infections, pneumonia, wound infections, and septicemia, particularly in hospitalized and immunocompromised patients. Its resistance mechanisms includeintrinsic traits such as efflux pumps and β-lactamase production, acquired carbapenemases, andadaptive tolerance via biofilm formation, making it one of the World Health Organization’scritical priority pathogens. This cross-sectional study was conducted at the University of BeninTeaching Hospital (UBTH) to evaluate the antibiotic resistance profile of Pseudomonasaeruginosa across clinical specimens. The clinical isolates collected were processedusingstandard microbiological and biochemical techniques. Susceptibility testing was done, withresults interpreted using CLSI guidelines. Data were statistically analyzed to assess prevalenceand resistance associations. Out of 365 isolates, 34 (9.32%) yielded Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with urine as the most common source. Isolates were more frequent in medical wards, thoughnosignificant age-related differences were noted. Resistance was extremely high: 100%to cefepime, 97.1% to cefotaxime, and 85.3% to ciprofloxacin, while ofloxacin (50%) and meropenem(52.9%) showed comparatively lower resistance. In conclusion, Pseudomonas aeruginosaisolates from UBTH exhibited high MDR levels, limiting therapeutic options. Routinesurveillance, antimicrobial stewardship, and infection control measures are essential tocurbresistance, while novel therapies such as phage treatment and β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitorcombinations may offer future solutions

Prostate cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related morbidity and mortality among men worldwide. Early detection through screening plays a crucial role in reducing complications and improving survival outcomes. However, awareness, knowledge, and attitudes toward prostate cancer screening remain limited in many populations, particularly among occupational groups with demanding work schedules such as transport drivers. This study assesses the knowledge and attitudes toward prostate cancer and the utilization of screening services among intercity and interstate public transport drivers in Benin City, Edo State.

A descriptive cross-sectional study design was adopted for this research. Data were collected using structured questionnaires administered to intercity and interstate public transport drivers operating within major motor parks in Benin City. The questionnaire assessed respondents’ socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge of prostate cancer, attitudes toward the disease and its screening, and their utilization of available screening services. Data obtained were analyzed using appropriate statistical methods to determine levels of awareness, knowledge, attitudes, and screening practices.

The findings of the study are expected to reveal the level of knowledge and misconceptions about prostate cancer among transport drivers, their attitudes toward preventive health practices, and the extent to which they utilize screening services. The results will also help identify barriers that may prevent drivers from accessing screening services.

The study concludes that improving awareness and promoting positive attitudes toward prostate cancer screening among transport drivers is essential for early detection and prevention. It is recommended that targeted health education campaigns, workplace health programs, and improved access to screening services be implemented to encourage regular prostate cancer screening among this population group.

Abortion remains a significant public health concern, especially among young women of reproductive age in developing countries where access to reproductive health
services is limited and social stigma is pervasive. Female undergraduates are particularly vulnerable due to early sexual debut, inadequate contraceptive use, and socio-cultural pressures. This study assessed the prevalence and patterns of abortion among female undergraduates at the University of Benin, Edo State. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was employed. Data were obtained from 550 randomly selected female undergraduates across eight faculties and eight departments using
structured questionnaires. Information collected included socio-demographic characteristics, sexual and reproductive history, contraceptive use, and abortion experiences. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Chi-square tests with SPSS version 23.0, with significance set at p < 0.05. Results: A total of 550 respondents participated, yielding a 100% response rate. The mean
age was 22.3 ± 3.5 years, with the majority aged 20–24 years. About 30% reported previous pregnancy, and all such cases ended in abortion. Most abortions were performed in hospitals (37.6%) and chemist shops (31.5%), predominantly during the first trimester (93.9%). Doctors (57.6%) and chemists (29.1%) were the main providers. Male condoms (25.6%) were the most frequently used contraceptive, mainly sourced from pharmacies. A significant association was found between contraceptive use and prevalence of abortion (p < 0.05). Cultural and religious beliefs, as well as partner involvement in decision-making, also influenced abortion and contraceptive practices. Conclusion: Abortion is prevalent among female undergraduates of the University of Benin, with most procedures occurring under medical supervision but a substantial proportion still being unsafe. Improving access to reproductive health education, contraception, and safe abortion services is essential to reduce associated risks and complications.

Hand hygiene is a key component of infection prevention and control (IPC) strategies, proven to significantly reduce healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) and improve patient safety. Despite this, compliance with hand hygiene protocols among healthcare workers
(HCWs) in many healthcare facilities remains suboptimal. This study assessed the knowledge, attitude, compliance, and determinants influencing hand hygiene practice among healthcare workers in the University of Benin Teaching Hospital (UBTH), Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study design was employed in this study. The sample size was calculated using Cochran’s formula for descriptive studies. A stratified random sampling technique was utilized for the study. Data were collected using a structured self- administered questionnaire adapted from WHO hand hygiene tools, the Hand Hygiene Belief Scale (HHBS), and WHO ward infrastructure checklist. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS version 27.0. Descriptive statistics were presented as frequencies, means, and percentages, while inferential statistics including Chi-square test and binary logistic regression were used to determine associations, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. RESULTS: A total of 460 respondents participated in the study, with a mean age of 31.9 ± 7.7 years; 247 (53.7%) were females and 213 (46.3%) males. Almost all participants (457 [99.3%]) were aware of hand hygiene, and 359 (78.0%) had received formal training within the previous three years. However, only 170 (37.0%) demonstrated good knowledge, while 290 (63.0%) had poor knowledge. A positive attitude toward hand hygiene was observed in 349 (75.9%) respondents, yet only 210 (45.7%) demonstrated satisfactory compliance with the WHO’s Five Moments for Hand Hygiene. Nurses (185 [40.2%]) recorded the highest compliance rates compared with other cadres. Marital status (p = 0.033), profession (p = 0.027), and monthly income (p = 0.024) were significantly associated with knowledge. Logistic regression showed that being unmarried (AOR = 2.32; 95% CI: 1.36-3.94; p = 0.002), female (AOR = 1.62; 95% CI: 1.05-2.51; p = 0.031), and of the nursing profession (AOR = 2.54; 95% CI: 1.17-5.53; p = 0.019) independently predicted good knowledge. Facility assessment revealed inadequate availability of alcohol-based hand rubs (62 [13.5%]), inconsistent running-water supply, and incomplete handwashing infrastructure in several
wards. CONCLUSION: About a third of the health workers demonstrated good knowledge of hand hygiene, with marital status and profession identified as significant predictors. Half exhibited a positive attitude, which was associated with female gender, single marital status, paramedical profession, and longer years of practice. Approximately two-thirds were compliant with hand
hygiene practices, with nurses showing the highest compliance rates. Awareness of guidelines, understanding the importance of hand hygiene, and belief in its role in preventing infections were key facilitators, while only a third of the wards had adequate infrastructure to support and sustain proper hand hygiene practices.

Coconut (Cocos nucifera) is a widely consumed tropical fruit highly valued for its nutritional and therapeutic qualities, with its oil as a major component used in food, cosmetics, and traditional medicine. Recently, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination of edible oils has led to concerns regarding the safety of coconut oil, especially its processing and storage practices. The aim of this study was to identify the concentrations of PAHs in some coconut oil products available in Edo State, Nigeria, to assess potential contamination and associated health risks. Coconut oil samples were collected from major markets in Edo State and analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) following solvent extraction, sample cleanup using silica gel, and rotary evaporation concentration. The analysis showed that PAH levels in all tested coconut oil samples were below the detection limit (<0.05 mg/kg), indicating no significant contamination. This suggests that the processing methods and storage conditions of the sampled oils were sufficient to prevent PAH formation. The findings emphasize the importance of continued monitoring and adherence to best practices in oil extraction, storage, and distribution to maintain product safety and protect consumers who may not have sufficient knowledge.