J.C. Anionye

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an incretin hormone with potential therapeutic applications in metabolic disorders, including type 2 diabetes mellitus. While its pharmacological effects have been extensively studied, data on its acute toxicity profile remain limited. This study aimed to evaluate the acute oral toxicity of a MaxGLP-1 supplement in male Wistar rats using the Lorke method. Experimental animals were administered single oral doses of 10, 100, 1000, 1600, 2900, and 5000 mg/kg and monitored continuously for 24 hours and subsequently for 14 days to detect immediate, persistent, or delayed toxic effects. Observations included clinical signs, mortality, feed and water consumption, body weight changes, and external and internal organ examinations, supplemented by histopathological evaluation of the liver and spleen. No mortality occurred at any dose, establishing an LD₅₀ greater than 5000 mg/kg. Immediate effects were mild and transient, including slight restlessness at 1000 mg/kg and mild sedation at higher doses, which resolved within hours. Delayed adverse effects were limited to intermittent mild irritation or itching in animals exposed to doses ≥1000 mg/kg. Feed and water intake, relative weight gain, feed efficiency, and body weight progression were not significantly altered (p>0.05) across all groups. External and internal examinations revealed no gross pathological changes, and histopathological analysis of liver and spleen at 1600 mg/kg showed no lesions. These findings indicate that MaxGLP-1 possesses low acute oral toxicity, with a conservative No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) of 100 mg/kg in male Wistar rats. This study provides foundational safety data supporting the further preclinical development of MaxGLP-1 and shows the need for subsequent subacute and chronic toxicity evaluations to establish long-term safety profiles.

This study evaluated the subacute toxic effects of Cell Life IQ on liver function and lipid profile following 28-day repeated oral administration. Cell Life IQ is a widely used dietary supplement, but its safety profile during prolonged intake remains unclear. To assess potential toxicity, experimental animals were randomly assigned into four groups: a control group receiving distilled water and three treatment groups administered 20mg/kg( low dose) , 80mg/kg (medium doses) and 600mg/kg (high doses )of Cell Life IQ. At the end of the exposure period, blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis of liver function parameters including alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total protein, and albumin. Lipid profile markers such as total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) were also measured. The results showed at high dose there was a significant increase in total and direct bilirubin when compared to other groups. Also there was also increase in AST at the higher dose while ALP and ALT was not significantly unchanged at all groups. There was no significant change in the lipid profile parameters ( triglycerides, HDL, LDL etc) in all the treatment groups when compared to the control groups.

Herbal medicines are increasingly used globally, yet comprehensive safety data for many traditional preparations remain limited. This study evaluated the sub-acute toxicity of Miracle Seed Ultima® (MSU), a commercially available herbal product, on kidney function, hematological parameters, and glucose metabolism in male Wistar rats. Twenty male Wistar rats weighing 120-170g were randomly divided into four groups (n=5): Group 1 (control) received distilled water, while Groups 2, 3, and 4 received MSU at 100 mg/kg, 300 mg/kg, and 1000 ix mg/kg body weight respectively via oral gavage daily for 28 days. Blood samples were collected at the end of the study for assessment of renal function markers (urea, creatinine, electrolytes), complete blood counts, red cell indices, and fasting blood glucose levels. Key findings revealed significant reductions in plasma urea concentrations in groups receiving 300 mg/kg (74.85±6.3 mg/dL) and 1000 mg/kg (68.62±2.9 mg/dL) compared to controls (102.72±5.7 mg/dL), with p < 0.05. Plasma creatinine showed significant differences in the 100 mg/kg group (2.12±0.1 mg/dL) compared to controls (2.79±0.1 mg/dL). However, all electrolyte parameters (sodium, potassium, chloride) remained within normal physiological ranges across all groups. Non-statistically significant differences were observed in all hematological parameters (p > 0.05). Fasting blood glucose levels remained normal across all treatment groups. The findings indicate a relatively favorable safety profile for MSU at the tested doses, with no evidence of overt nephrotoxicity, hematotoxicity, or metabolic disturbances. The observed reductions in plasma urea and creatinine may reflect enhanced renal clearance rather than toxicity. These results support the short-term safety of MSU at therapeutic doses.

This study evaluated the effects of Yoyo cleanser bitters on male Wistar rats fed with a high fructose diet. Yoyo Cleanser Bitters, a traditional herbal preparation, is purported to possess potential therapeutic properties for metabolic disorders. Twenty (20) male Wistar rats weighing
an average of 220grams each were randomly divided in four groups of five. The rats were fed ad-libitum with the feed and clean tap water during the entire course of the experiment (56 days). A basal diet of a standard pelleted grower’s marsh was given to the control group (group1), while the treatment diet of 60% high fructose diet along with 20% fructose water was fed to the other three cages. Atorvastatin (0.57mg/kg) was administered daily to group 3 and Yoyo cleanser bitters (1200 mg/kg) was administered to the rats in group 4. The treatment were administered using an oro-gastric gavage. Using standard methods, the weekly weight of the rats, their daily food consumption, feed efficiency were determined at the end of the 56days of study. Comprehensive biochemical assessment of lipid profile was performed. The data was analyzed using the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Tukey’s test of significance. A p value of less than 0.05 (p<0.05) was accepted as statistically significant (p<0.05). The results of the study revealed that High Yoyo cleanser bitters posses preventive properties related to metabolic disorders in male Wistar rats when compared with both control and Atorvastatin groups as it significantly reduced (p<0.05) the levels of Triglycerides, Low density lipoprotein, Very Low-density Lipoprotein levels yet increasing the high density lipoprotein levels. This is an indication that the mechanism of action of Yoyo Cleanser Bitters can be added as a preventive intervention for individuals at the risk of dyslipidemia