FRESHWATER

The study evaluated the effects of smoke-drying, boiling, and deep-frying on the microbial load
and shelf life of Pila ovata. P. ovata samples were purchased from a local market in Benin city, Edo state. It was washed and processed using the three methods before being stored in clean, airtight containers at ambient temperature (34°C-37°C). Microbial analyses, including total
bacterial and fungi counts, were conducted immediately after processing and during storage. Results showed that smoke-dried samples had the lowest bacterial and fungal counts throughout
the storage period due to the combined effects of dehydration and antimicrobial compounds in
smoke. Fried samples exhibited high initial microbial reduction but showed increased counts
during storage, while boiled samples had moderate counts that gradually increased, indicating
susceptibility to recontamination. The study concluded that smoke drying is the most effective
method for enhancing microbial safety and prolonging the shelf life of P. ovata. Proper
processing, hygienic handling, and storage in moisture-proof containers are recommended to
maintain product quality and consumer safety

This study investigates the hull resistance and pressure distribution of a container vessel operating in both freshwater and saltwater environments using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation. The analysis employs the Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations with the k–ω SST turbulence model and the Volume of Fluid (VOF) method to accurately capture hydrodynamic behavior around the hull. Results reveal that total resistance increases quadratically with speed in both environments but is consistently higher in saltwater due to its greater density and viscosity, which amplify dynamic pressure and wave-making effects. Pressure contour analysis shows high-pressure zones at the bow and low-pressure regions near the stern, influencing overall resistance characteristics. The findings emphasize the significance of environmental conditions on vessel performance, offering
valuable insights for hull form optimization, propulsion efficiency, and energysaving ship design