PGD Project

The study examined knowledge sharing among students and among staff in the University of Benin. The objective of the study was to examine the means of knowledge sharing, factors that enhances knowledge sharing, barriers to knowledge sharing, and importance of knowledge sharing among student and among staff. The methodology adopted in the study was the survey method using simple random sampling to acquire a representative sample. The questionnaire was administered to 100 students and 100 staff of the University of Benin and analyzed using percentage and mean. The findings of the study revealed that knowledge sharing occurs among students and among staff through the social media, online discussion groups, tutorials, peer
coaching, conferences, lecturing etc, the factors that enhances knowledge sharing among students and among staff are the availability of teamwork spirit, availability of reward or incentives, flexible organization structure, trust, motivation, good leadership style, collaborative working environments etc. The barriers to knowledge sharing were lack of time, lack of knowledge sharing culture, fear of providing wrong information, rigid organizational structure, inadequate technological resources, inadequate awareness on knowledge sharing etc. Improvement in performance, increment in knowledge capacity, encouragement of collaboration etc were highlights of the importance of knowledge sharing. Conclusion drawn was that Knowledge sharing improves students and staff performance in general and as a result, the performance and standard of the academic institution is improved. Therefore, it was recommended that university of Benin should bring to students and staffs awareness the importance of knowledge sharing. There should also be provision of knowledge sharing infrastructures and less emphasis should be placed on grade as it may encourage students to view knowledge as power.

Background: human beings engage in a number of activities such as extractions and mining, manufacturing, transportation, agricultural cultivation (e.g., bush burning), food and mineral processing, as well as other anthropogenic activities that exert significant impact on the environment. The adversative consequence of environmental emission on human habitation, food production, human migration and human health is significantly felt through the decline in average life span of humans. Objective and methodology: This study evaluated the effects of environmental emissions on life expectancy with particular emphasis on Nigeria. The autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) and bounds testing approach was utilized in analyzing the data to be employed in this study. In addition, the study employed annual data set for a period of fifty (50) years spanning 1970 to 2019. Similarly, data on Carbon (iv) dioxide emissions in Nigeria (million tonnes), Methane emissions (million tonnes) in Nigeria and Nitrous Oxide emissions (million tonnes) in Nigeria were derived from the Global Carbon Project (2020), while data on per capita income was obtained from World Development Indicators of the World Bank (2020). Similarly, data on Life expectancy at birth (years)
was sourced from the United Nations World Population Prospects (2019). Results: The coefficient of Carbon (iv) dioxide emissions was negative in the short run estimated results. However, it was positive in the long run. similarly, Carbon (iv) dioxide emissions was statistically significant at 1% critical level in the long run and short run estimation results respectively. Similarly, the coefficient of Methane emissions was negative and statistically significant at 1% critical level in the short run estimation results. Also, the result indicated that Methane emissions was negative and statistically significant at 1% critical level in the long run estimation results. Furthermore, the coefficient of Nitrous Oxide emissions was positive both in the short run and long run estimation results. The result further established that while the coefficient of Nitrous Oxide emissions was statistically significant at 10% critical level in the short run, it became statistically significant at 1% critical level in the long run. Similarly, the coefficient of real GDP per capita was positive both in the short run and long run estimation results in the period of assessment. The result further established that while the coefficient of real GDP per capita was statistically insignificant in the short run, it was found to be statistically significant at 1% critical level in the long run estimation results. Recommendations: It was recommended that the Nigeria should adopt a stringent environmental control measures that will help reposition the country’s environment through enhanced carbon control policy. Specifically, it is recommended that Carbon Taxes should be introduced to help reduce the unwarranted industrial processes contributing a large volume of the total greenhouse gas emissions increase in the country. To mitigate the negative effects of Methane emission gases, there is an urgent need to draft relevant policies to regulate all human activities that trigger the release of methane gases into the ecosystem especially in the area of production and transport of coal, natural gas, and oil, livestock and other agricultural practices, land use and by the decay of organic waste in municipal solid waste landfills. The moribund environmental regulations should be reactivated to ensure the reduction of Methane emissions across the 774 local government areas in Nigeria. it was also recommended that the government and all relevant stakeholders in the agricultural and industrial sectors to work collaboratively in ensuring that policy effort are implemented to limit the frequent release of Nitrous oxide (N2O) emission in the course of agricultural, land use, industrial activities, combustion of fossil fuels and solid waste, as well as during treatment of wastewater.

The University of Benin has identified several factors influencing the integration of ICT in teaching taxonomy. This research aims to assess the ICT skills of undergraduate students at the University of Benin who are studying taxonomy, their regular utilization of ICT tools for assignments, coursework, and academic activities, as well as the determinants impacting the adoption of ICT in the teaching and learning of taxonomy. A descriptive survey research design was utilized, and the study was guided by four formulated research questions. The research was conducted at the University of Benin in Edo State, Nigeria. A total of 150 undergraduate students were selected from three departments at the University of Benin: Plant Biology and Biotechnology (50 students), Animal and Environmental Biology (50 students), and Curriculum and Instructional Technology (50 students). The sampling
technique employed was simple random sampling. . Data collected were analysed using mean. The findings indicated noteworthy and favourable factors influencing the utilization of ICT in the teaching and learning of Taxonomy. The results also show that poor internet connectivity in classrooms and hostels is the primary barrier hindering the successful integration of ICT in teaching and learning within Nigeria's higher education system. Irregular power supply in class; irregular power supply in hostel; limited access to useful, relevant, and appropriate hardware and software; inadequate maintenance of ICT equipment. In today's globalized context, students in higher education institutions in Edo State, Nigeria, may face challenges in competing internationally if they lack sufficient ICT skills. It is imperative that Nigerian universities incorporate information and communication technology effectively into teaching and learning processes. The researcher recommends that the Nigerian government should prioritize the integration of ICT in education by supporting state governments in funding ICT initiatives in institutions, ensuring that all departments are networked. Additionally, they recommend collaboration between wealthy individuals, non-governmental organizations, community-based organizations, and other agencies with the state government to provide staff training on ICT, thereby facilitating its full integration into teaching and learning. Staff training and development programs such as seminars, conferences, and workshops could enhance ICT literacy among institutional staff.

Energy consumption facilitates economic growth but it is a major source of carbon emission, leading to the dilemma in policy priority between economic growth and pollution reduction. Therefore, this study empirically examined the relationship between energy consumption, carbon emissions and economic growth in Nigeria using cointegration and dynamic causality analysis, with annual time series data for the period 1981 to 2021. A good number of econometric techniques were conducted, which include; descriptive statistics, correlation coefficient, unit root test, granger causality test, optimal lag selection criteria test and co-integration test using Autoregressive Distribution Lag (ARDL) Bound Test and ARDL model Approach. Granger long- run dynamic analysis were conducted using error correction model (ECM) framework to explore the causal relationships between the variables. The study revealed evidence of relationship between energy use, electricity consumption, CO2 emission and economic growth in Nigeria. A positive but insignificant relationship exist between energy use and economic growth, electricity consumption and economic growth, while a negative and insignificant relationship between CO2 emission and economic growth in the long-run during the study period. During the lagged period, CO2 emission and economic growth showed positive and significant relationship in the long-run. The study also revealed that a unidirectional causality exists from economic growth to energy use, electricity consumption to economic growth in the long run, while a bidirectional long-run causality exists between CO2 emission and economic growth. An important policy implication is that energy consumption has positive influence on economic growth in Nigeria, thus as higher energy consumption also means higher pollution in the long-run, policymakers should diversify and explore alternative energy sources for meeting up the increasing energy demand and reducing the effect of carbon on her citizens.

The soils of Owan East Local Government Area of Edo State were studied in order to update the classification, mapping and suitability evaluation done by Federal Department of Agricultural Land Resources (FDALR 1985). Soil mapping was at the reconnaissance scale; soil classification was according to the USDA and WRB systems while suitability evaluation was patterned after FAO guidelines, as modified by several scientists for rubber, oil palm, cacoa, maize and cassava. Reliability of the soil maps were
determined by the variability indices of: Coefficient of Variation (CV), Variance Ratio Test (VRT), Inter – class Correlation Coefficient (P1), Relative variance (RV) and its Complement (1 – RV). Validation of the updated work was done through a free soil survey procedure and suitability assessment for rubber on the 17.7 ha parcel of land for RRIN within the project area. The study revealed that six major mapping units were found and classified as Alfisols/Lixisols, (occupying some 66,160.26 ha), Inceptisols/Cambisols (37,803.07 ha) and Entisols/Arenosols (19,471.17 ha). The FDALR work showed two mapping units classified as Alfisol/Lixisol and without areal distribution of the units. In terms of the reliability of the soil maps for the study area, the results showed that the findings in this study is quite superior to that of the FDALR. In terms of suitability for the selected crops, for the current findngs, 70,201.5 ha (56.87%) was best suited for maize, cassava and cocoa, while 26, 624.49ha (21.57 %) was best suited for cocoa only. An area of 19,471.17 ha (15.77%) was best suited for maize, cassava and rubber while an area of 7,137ha was found not suitable for any of the 5 crops under study. The FDALR study had the same tree crops examined for their suitability, no area was
rated unsuitable and only one map was used to represent all the crops, while for arable crops, no specific crop was mentioned and it had only one map and two suitability classes. For Indices of variability: FDALR study had 46 % homogeneity within mapping units by CV while it was 87 % for the 2019 findings. For variance ratio test (VRT), no property was significantly different for the 1985 study while for the 2019, 13 properties were significantly different; Intra class correlation coefficient (pi) , in the 1985
work only CEC was accurately predicted (pi > 0.5) while in the 2019 work 7 properties were accurately predicted (pi > 0.7); for Relative variance only one property, CEC was accurately predicted compared with 9 properties (RV = 0.26 – 0.53) - 1985 and 2019 respectively. The results of the 17.71ha classification and suitability ratings agreed with that of the updated findings – being largely Inceptisol/Cambisol and only marginally suitable for rubber cultivation. Thus it can be concluded that while the FDALR study served its purpose as a pioneering attempt and hence overdue for updating. The study was highly necessary for accurate prediction of crop performance and sustainable management of the study location.

The study examined the corrupt practices by telecommunication service providers in Nigeria and their impacts on the efficiency of telecom services in the country. Specifically, the focused on identifying the different categories of corrupt practices by the telecom service providers and their collective impact on service availability, quality of service, and their cost of service. In order to achieve these objectives, the study adopted the cross-sectional survey research design, using primary data. The population consisted of all active telecommunication users (subscribers) in the six (6) South-South States in Nigeria (i.e. Akwa-Ibom = 3,102,760; Bayelsa = 1,102,570;
Cross-River = 2,274,165; Delta = 5,328,096; Edo = 5,169,076 and Rivers State = 6,270,011), totalling 23,246,678 subscribers (i.e. GSM and others) as at the second quarter (Q2) of 2018. The Taro Yamani’s formula was employed in systematically scaling down the sample to four hundred (400) participants for convenient sake which were chosen randomly among the subscribers of the four (4) major service providers in Nigeria (MTN, Glo, Airtel and 9mobile). Both descriptive statistics and the simple linear regression techniques were used for the analysis. The results showed an inverse and non-significant relationship between level of corrupt practices, telecom service availability and quality of telecom service. This implies that higher levels of corrupt practice by telecom operators have the tendency of reducing telecom service availability and quality, but not significantly. However, the relationship between level of corrupt practices and cost of service is positive and statistically significant meaning that higher level of corrupt practice by telecom network providers is strongly associated with high cost of telecom services (tariffs). The study concludes that the level of corrupt practices by telecom network providers is not associated with the quality and availability of the telecommunication service in Nigeria. The study recommends, among others, that stiffer sanctions, such as withdrawal of licence, should be meted out to network providers found to be engaging in corrupt practices and/or exploitative services capable of short-changing the subscribing public

The Niger Delta region, located in the Atlantic coast of southern Nigeria is an area covering about 70000km2 (27000 square miles). More than 25% of Nigeria’s population inhabit this region profoundly rich in petroleum resources- crude oil, natural gas, asphalt and tar. Exploration and exploitation of these petroleum resources have downgraded the diversified environment of the region whose consequence is pollution due to 4200 oil spillages and 250 gas flaring sites. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of petroleum exploration and exploitation induced air, soil and water pollution on the eyes of the inhabitants of the
Ogbite community in Rivers state of the region. This research is a cross sectional investigative study which investigated petroleum explorative and exploitational processes producing hazardous chemicals induced oculovisual perturbations. With a sample size of 115 respondents, data collected were subjected to statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 22.0 to highlight compromises of the oculovisual tissues of the Ogbite community. Descriptive statistics were presented in the form of pie chart tables, bar charts and graphs. The relationship between petroleum pollution and consequences on the eye were explored using Pearson’s chi-square test and statistical relevance of P<0.05. The findings indicated huge external adnexia perturbations, indicating compromise of the oculovisual tissues of the people of Ogbite Community which included visual perceptual description, external
examinations, internal examination, signs and symptoms presented and environmental impact assessment of water and soil. Visual acuity at distance showed 54 (47%) + 2.836 from 6/24 to no light perception while 61 (53%) + 2.901 had visual acuity of 6/5 to 6/18. For near v.a N5- N10 had 61(53%) and N12-N24 had 19 (16.5%) and 28(24.35%). were uncooperative Visual
perceptual description showed: blur vision 48 respondents (41.74%) + 2.121, cloudy/hazy vision 15 (12.18%) + 0.726 and 50 (43.37%) + 2.025 had normal vision. External examinations had pterygium 20(17.4%) + 2.121 red eyes/ redness 16(13.90%) + 1.41. The total number of respondent with external problems were 60(52.17%) which included penguecula, conjunctivitis, allergic conjunctivitis, corneal ulcer and chalazion. Internal examination indicated cloudy/opaque media 19(16.52%)+2.038, age related macular degeneration 19(16.52%) +2.038. Signs and symptoms presented include: tearing 35(30.43%) + 2.076, foreign body sensation 30 (26.09%) + 2.037, pain 30(26.09% + 2.037), itching 25 (21.74%) + 0.707 and headache 19 (16.52%) + 0.508. For water samples, RV1 had high iron, 0.353 + 0.104mg/L, Zinc 0.150 + 0.048mg/L, Cadmium 0.011 + 0.004mg/L and Lead 0.17 + 0.005mg/L. Egbem 2 had high COD 23.3 + 8.02mg/L, salinilty 52 + 0.023mg/L, TDS 57.3 + 25.7mg/L and Cl 88.6 + 30.26 mg/L. For
soil samples, SSC2 had high EC 1118.0 + 507.4mg/k, Cl 1173 + 800.1 mg/k and SSS had high Fe 156.02 + 65.76 mg/K, Zinc 104.30 + 41.67mg/k, Cu 56.30 + 22.499 mg/k. The chemical analysis of the soil and water samples indicated changes from normal especially the heavy metals and other parameters for assessment of samples. From the findings, the oculovisual systems of some of the people of Ogbite have been compromised by crude oil and gas exploration and exploitation and the consequences of these are the manifestation of increased internal and external eye problems.

The 1983 coup d’état that ousted the Shehu Shagari government out of power gave to justify their action with the poor health condition of across the country. The master minders claimed that the country’s hospitals had become “mere consulting clinics. “In the speech announcing the overthrow of the government, Sani Abacha (then a brigadier- general) lamented, “Health services are in (a) shambles as our hospitals are reduced to mere consulting clinics without drugs, water and equipment.” Depressingly, 40 years after, the last 24 years under civilian rule, not much improvement has been witnessed in the sector. (Source Punch Newspaper 14 September, 2021. page 14). Things have deteriorated in the sector so much that even the President, Major General Muhammadu Buhari (retd.), alongside the political elite, does not trust the country’s hospitals enough for their medical needs. Instead, have resorts to medical tourism in the United Kingdom at huge public huge expense. The British Broadcasting Corporation says Nigeria spends about $1 billion annually on medical tourism, particularly to India. This poor health
infrastructure no doubt is the basic reason for the high-level exit of skilled medical workers from the county. The study examined the health implications of globalization of skilled Medical Health workers with evidence from post Covid -19 Brain Drains in Edo
State Nigeria. It was discovered that globalization has produced significant shifts everywhere. Healthcare is undergoing dramatic globalization. This research is about the high level of brain drain as experience in the post covid -19 in Edo State Nigeria. With
the mass exodus of doctors fleeing an increasingly hostile work and economic environment, if care is not taken, there will be nobody to consult at the decayed “clinics” again. Health is not valued until sickness comes. The study revealed that despite the risks
of frontline workers during the pandemic –migration to high income countries remain attractive to medical skilled and health workers from Edo State due to better working conditions including remuneration and workload. The implications is that if not managed well, increased demand for health workers will leave considerable gaps in Edo already weak health system. (Nation Newspaper on Apr 25, 2022). It is recommended that government should intensify effort in the proper funding and encouragement of health workers in Nigeria in order to arrest the continuous increase of brain drain in Edo State and in Nigeria.

Giardiasis is a disease of public health importance, a common cause of acute and chronic human diarrheal. In some developing countries, infection and mortality rates among young children can be quite high. This study was carried out to determine Giardia lamblia infection among children in rural and urban areas in Benin City, Edo State, A comparative study was done, using the microscopy method and ELISA technique, 288 primary school children consisted of (194) males and (94) females were enrolled in this study, Stool specimen was collected from each participant into a sterile universal bottle and sent for analysis to the
laboratory department of City of Hope Medical Centre, Benin city. The age of participants ranged from 6-14years. A well-structured questionnaire bothering on the bio-data and socio-demographic characteristics was administered on each
participant prior to the collection of Specimen. Informed consent was obtained from the parent or guardian of each participant. The stool specimens were analyzed using microscopy and ELISA technique. A prevalence of 5.6% of Giardia lamblia infection was observed among children in the Study Areas. Comparative studies of the microscopy method and ELISA techniques showed a
p-value of < 0.05 (0.001) which was significant. There was a significant difference in the age group 10-11 years old presenting with the highest prevalence of 13.7% in comparison to other age groups with p-value < 0.05 (0.014). Hand hygiene was highly prevalent (12.5%) with p-value <0.05(0.000) which was significant, which showed that those who observed poor hand hygiene are with the high odds of being infected than those who practice good hand hygiene. Epidemiological factors such as Residential locations, settlement type, type of toilet, proximity of kitchen to toilet facility, diarrhoea, and Food source significantly affected the prevalence of G. lamblia infection. Increased Awareness, personal hygiene and good sanitary practices, particularly among mothers and children, should be encouraged as this would curb the spread of giardiasis. ELISA with sensitivity of 95% to 100% and specificity over 90% when compared with direct microscopy provides a relevant alternative method to the routine ova and
parasite examination in diagnosing giardiasis. Based on this, detection of giardiasis should not solely be based on microscopy; more effective methods such as ELISA could be employed.

One hundred and seventy seven ditch cutting samples were collected from Tomswell, Vals-Field, Niger Delta, at interval of 5715-5730ft to 8680-8695ft which marks the total depth of the well. The samples were subjected to sedimentological, mechanical and heavy mineral separation analysis. Ten (10) depths of interest were selected for proper analysis using a mechanical sieve machine. Pickett crossplots were integrated in evaluating the reservoir quality and depositional environment of sand bodies of the Toms-well in the Val’s Field, Offshore Niger Delta. Evaluated parameters include; storage properties (porosity, saturation), flow property
(permeability) as well as reservoir heterogeneities. Results show that the sand are texturally and compositionally matured. The corosity is fine to medium. The presence of cementing materials act as barriers to vertical flow of fluids but porosity is however preserved and permeability is enhanced by other processes such as coating of the grains by micro-quartz which slows down cementation. The sandstones are sourced from mainly felsic igneous rocks and from low to high grade metamorphic rocks. The depositional system is fluvial while the depositional environment is coastal plain. On the whole, the reservoir quality of the Toms-well, Val’s field is good and will yield optimal output on production.