C.C. ASONYE

Extracts from different parts of the Newbouldia laevis plant (leaves, stem bark and roots bark), have been shown to possess antimicrobial, anti-malarial, antioxidant, nociceptive and antiinflammatory properties. Previous experiments carried out have shown that the extracts from the leaf, stem bark and root bark have anti- inflammatory. But none of these studies have ascertained the IOP reducing effect of the extracts from the leaf, stem bark and root bark of the Newbouldia laevis plant in the eyes which was studied in this investigative work. This study aimed to investigate the effects of ethanolic extracts of Newbouldia laevis leaves, stems, and roots on physically induced corneo-conjunctival inflammation and increased intraocular pressure (IOP) in rabbits. Thirty (30) rabbits were used for this study and these rabbits were grouped into six ranging from group A through to group F. Each of the six experimental groups was treated with different extract (leaf, stem, or root) of Newbouldia laevis, while the control group was treated with sterile water. From the study, it was found that all three extracts (leaf, stem, and root) were effective in reducing corneal inflammation and increased IOP, and showed significant differences compared to the control group. ANOVA analysis used on the study showed the statical significant values (p < 0.005 was taken to be statistically significant) of the various treatments for corneal inflammation, ranging from group A- C having p values of: 0.002, 0.001, 0.265, respectively and induced IOP having p values of: 0.002, 0.002, and 0.001, respectively. During the course of this study, the leaf extract was found to be the most potent in the treatment of both the inflammation and induced IOP

The Niger Delta region, located in the Atlantic coast of southern Nigeria is an area covering about 70000km2 (27000 square miles). More than 25% of Nigeria’s population inhabit this region profoundly rich in petroleum resources- crude oil, natural gas, asphalt and tar. Exploration and exploitation of these petroleum resources have downgraded the diversified environment of the region whose consequence is pollution due to 4200 oil spillages and 250 gas flaring sites. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of petroleum exploration and exploitation induced air, soil and water pollution on the eyes of the inhabitants of the
Ogbite community in Rivers state of the region. This research is a cross sectional investigative study which investigated petroleum explorative and exploitational processes producing hazardous chemicals induced oculovisual perturbations. With a sample size of 115 respondents, data collected were subjected to statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 22.0 to highlight compromises of the oculovisual tissues of the Ogbite community. Descriptive statistics were presented in the form of pie chart tables, bar charts and graphs. The relationship between petroleum pollution and consequences on the eye were explored using Pearson’s chi-square test and statistical relevance of P<0.05. The findings indicated huge external adnexia perturbations, indicating compromise of the oculovisual tissues of the people of Ogbite Community which included visual perceptual description, external
examinations, internal examination, signs and symptoms presented and environmental impact assessment of water and soil. Visual acuity at distance showed 54 (47%) + 2.836 from 6/24 to no light perception while 61 (53%) + 2.901 had visual acuity of 6/5 to 6/18. For near v.a N5- N10 had 61(53%) and N12-N24 had 19 (16.5%) and 28(24.35%). were uncooperative Visual
perceptual description showed: blur vision 48 respondents (41.74%) + 2.121, cloudy/hazy vision 15 (12.18%) + 0.726 and 50 (43.37%) + 2.025 had normal vision. External examinations had pterygium 20(17.4%) + 2.121 red eyes/ redness 16(13.90%) + 1.41. The total number of respondent with external problems were 60(52.17%) which included penguecula, conjunctivitis, allergic conjunctivitis, corneal ulcer and chalazion. Internal examination indicated cloudy/opaque media 19(16.52%)+2.038, age related macular degeneration 19(16.52%) +2.038. Signs and symptoms presented include: tearing 35(30.43%) + 2.076, foreign body sensation 30 (26.09%) + 2.037, pain 30(26.09% + 2.037), itching 25 (21.74%) + 0.707 and headache 19 (16.52%) + 0.508. For water samples, RV1 had high iron, 0.353 + 0.104mg/L, Zinc 0.150 + 0.048mg/L, Cadmium 0.011 + 0.004mg/L and Lead 0.17 + 0.005mg/L. Egbem 2 had high COD 23.3 + 8.02mg/L, salinilty 52 + 0.023mg/L, TDS 57.3 + 25.7mg/L and Cl 88.6 + 30.26 mg/L. For
soil samples, SSC2 had high EC 1118.0 + 507.4mg/k, Cl 1173 + 800.1 mg/k and SSS had high Fe 156.02 + 65.76 mg/K, Zinc 104.30 + 41.67mg/k, Cu 56.30 + 22.499 mg/k. The chemical analysis of the soil and water samples indicated changes from normal especially the heavy metals and other parameters for assessment of samples. From the findings, the oculovisual systems of some of the people of Ogbite have been compromised by crude oil and gas exploration and exploitation and the consequences of these are the manifestation of increased internal and external eye problems.

The Niger Delta region, located in the Atlantic coast of southern Nigeria is an area covering
about 70000km2 (27000 square miles). More than 25% of Nigeria’s population inhabit this
region profoundly rich in petroleum resources- crude oil, natural gas, asphalt and tar. Exploration and exploitation of these petroleum resources have downgraded the diversified
environment of the region whose consequence is pollution due to 4200 oil spillages and 250
gas flaring sites. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of petroleum exploration
and exploitation induced air, soil and water pollution on the eyes of the inhabitants of the
Ogbite community in Rivers state of the region. This research is a cross sectional
investigative study which investigated petroleum explorative and exploitational processes
producing hazardous chemicals induced oculovisual perturbations. With a sample size of 115
respondents, data collected were subjected to statistical package for social sciences (SPSS)
version 22.0 to highlight compromises of the oculovisual tissues of the Ogbite community. Descriptive statistics were presented in the form of pie chart tables, bar charts and graphs. The relationship between petroleum pollution and consequences on the eye were explored
using Pearson’s chi-square test and statistical relevance of P<0.05. The findings indicated
huge external adnexia perturbations, indicating compromise of the oculovisual tissues of the
people of Ogbite Community which included visual perceptual description, external
examinations, internal examination, signs and symptoms presented and environmental impact
assessment of water and soil. Visual acuity at distance showed 54 (47%) + 2.836 from 6/24 to
no light perception while 61 (53%) + 2.901 had visual acuity of 6/5 to 6/18. For near v.a N5- N10 had 61(53%) and N12-N24 had 19 (16.5%) and 28(24.35%). were uncooperative Visual
perceptual description showed: blur vision 48 respondents (41.74%) + 2.121, cloudy/hazy
vision 15 (12.18%) + 0.726 and 50 (43.37%) + 2.025 had normal vision. External
examinations had pterygium 20(17.4%) + 2.121 red eyes/ redness 16(13.90%) + 1.41. The
total number of respondent with external problems were 60(52.17%) which included
penguecula, conjunctivitis, allergic conjunctivitis, corneal ulcer and chalazion. Internal
examination indicated cloudy/opaque media 19(16.52%)+2.038, age related macular
degeneration 19(16.52%) +2.038. Signs and symptoms presented include: tearing 35(30.43%)
+ 2.076, foreign body sensation 30 (26.09%) + 2.037, pain 30(26.09% + 2.037), itching 25
(21.74%) + 0.707 and headache 19 (16.52%) + 0.508. For water samples, RV1 had high iron, 0.353 + 0.104mg/L, Zinc 0.150 + 0.048mg/L, Cadmium 0.011 + 0.004mg/L and Lead 0.17 + 0.005mg/L. Egbem 2 had high COD 23.3 +
8.02mg/L, salinilty 52 + 0.023mg/L, TDS 57.3 + 25.7mg/L and Cl 88.6 + 30.26 mg/L. For
soil samples, SSC2 had high EC 1118.0 + 507.4mg/k, Cl 1173 + 800.1 mg/k and SSS had
high Fe 156.02 + 65.76 mg/K, Zinc 104.30 + 41.67mg/k, Cu 56.30 + 22.499 mg/k. The
chemical analysis of the soil and water samples indicated changes from normal especially the
heavy metals and other parameters for assessment of samples. From the findings, the
oculovisual systems of some of the people of Ogbite have been compromised by crude oil
and gas exploration and exploitation and the consequences of these are the manifestation of
increased internal and external eye problems.