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Introduction: Household air pollution (HAP) remains a major public health concern in low- and middle-income countries, particularly in Nigeria where biomass fuel use is still common. Under-five children are especially vulnerable due to their developing respiratory systems and increased exposure within household environments. Despite existing global data, there is limited community-specific evidence in peri-urban areas such as Ekosodin, Benin City. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of household air pollution and respiratory symptoms among under-five children in Ekosodin, Benin City, Edo State. It also sought to identify common sources of HAP and assess the association between exposure and respiratory symptoms. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among caregivers of under￾five children using a multistage sampling technique. A minimum sample size of 298 was calculated, with 280 respondents participating. Data were collected using a structured interviewer-administered questionnaire and analyzed using IBM SPSS version 27. Chi-square test and logistic regression were used to assess associations at a significance level of p < 0.05. Results: The majority of households used cleaner fuels, with gas (61.1%) and electricity (14.6%) being the most common, although some still used firewood (12.9%) and kerosene (7.5%). Most households had ventilation (94.6%), but only 18.6% had smoke outlets. Cough was the most prevalent respiratory symptom (31.4%), while wheezing (8.6%) and shortness of breath (3.2%) were less common. Diagnosed respiratory illnesses such as pneumonia (2.9%) and bronchitis (2.9%) were relatively low. Significant associations were found between respiratory symptoms and use of unclean fuels (p = 0.018), child proximity to cooking areas (p < 0.001), indoor pollution sources such as mosquito coils (p = 0.001), place of cooking (p < 0.001), and indoor tobacco smoking (p = 0.002). xi Conclusion: Despite the predominant use of cleaner fuels, household air pollution exposure remains prevalent due to other contributing factors such as cooking location, poor smoke outlet availability, and indoor pollution sources. These factors significantly influence the occurrence of respiratory symptoms among under-five children. Interventions should focus on improving household environmental practices alongside promoting clean energy use

Solar energy is a renewable and abundant resource that holds immense potential for meeting the world's growing energy demand while mitigating climate change. Accurate assessment of solar radiation patterns and availability is crucial for the efficient deployment of solar energy technologies and the optimization of renewable energy systems.This research project aims to conduct a comprehensive solar panel/ solar inverter resource assessment in the University Of Benin Ugbowo, Nigeria, to evaluate the solar energy potential around it. The study employs an approach which involved integrating satellite data analysis, gotten from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to quantify solar irradiance levels and characterize solar radiation . The findings of this research project will provide valuable insights into the periods of best insolation and also environmental factors influencing solar resource availability in the University Of Benin.Most domestic appliances such as personal computers, television sets and lighting systems among others, operation has largely been controlled by hydro-electric power supply [National Grid]. This is not much a reliable source of energy due to the persistent power failure from our only reliable Nation Grid in the country, which has been the result of low water level in the dam(s) during harmattan season, faulty underground cables and transformer failures. Nigeria's energy sector is characterized by a dominance of fossil fuels, which contributes to climate change, air pollution, and environmental degradation. The country's renewable energy resources, particularly solar energy, remain largely untapped. This project seeks to contribute to the development of Nigeria's solar energy sector by designing, installing, and testing a solar powered energy system with an inverter.

This study appraises the civil remedies available to owners of copyright works in Nigeria, with a view to evaluating their effectiveness in protecting the rights of creators. Despite the existence of the 2022 Copyright laws in Nigeria. copyright infringement remains a pervasive issue, resulting in significant economic losses for creators and owners of copyright works. The effectiveness of civil remedies in protecting the rights of copyright owners in Nigeria is uncertain, and the extent to which these remedies provide adequate redress for infringementis unclear. The aim of this study is to examine works that are protected by copyright and
inquire whether the remedies provided by the law in protecting the victims are adequate or whether there is need to seek other avenues beyond the ones provided by law to compensate these victims. This study will adopt the doctrinal / analytical research method which will include researching into constitutions, statutes, conventions or treaties and other international agreements, case laws (judicial decisions), journals and books. Relevant laws, regulations and judicial decisions related to Copyright Law in Nigeria will be analyzed. This study underscores the imperative for copyright holders and researchers to pursue remedies for
copyright infringements through civil litigation, thereby invigorating efforts to safeguard intellectual property rights. The findings reveal that while various civil remedies, including damages, injunctions and accounts of profits, are available to copyright owners, their effectiveness is hindered by several challenges, including inadequate enforcement mechanism, lack of awareness, and
corruption. The research contributes to the literature on Copyright Law and civil remedies in Nigeria, and provides insight for policy makers, legal practitioners, and creators seeking to protect their intellectual property rights.

This research presents a descriptive analysis of the semantic functions of reduplication in the Esan language, a member of the Edoid language family spoken predominantly in Edo State, Nigeria. Reduplication is a highly productive morphological process in Esan, used by native speakers to extend, intensify, or modify the meaning of base forms across various word classes. The primary objective of the study was to identify the types of reduplication in Esan, explore the semantic functions they perform, analyze how they operate within different grammatical categories, and determine what insights they offer into Esan speaker usage and morphology. The study was anchored on the Descriptive Linguistic Approach, backed by Basic Linguistic Theory (BLT), which emphasizes that grammatical and semantic patterns should be described as they are naturally used by speakers. Data were collected from native speakers through interviews, observations, and recordings of natural speech. The analysis revealed that Esan
employs both total and partial reduplication, with total reduplication being more common and used across all word classes including nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, and time expressions. Reduplication in Esan was found to serve multiple semantic functions such as abundance, intensification, aspect marking, emphasis, repetition, plurality, diminutiveness, and emotional
or figurative expression. The study concludes that reduplication in Esan reflects both linguistic functionality and cultural expressiveness, making it a fundamental part of the language’s morphological and semantic system. This research contributes to the field of African linguistics by expanding the documentation and understanding of Esan grammar, while also showcasing
reduplication as a practical and versatile tool for meaning-making natural language use.

The end of the Nigeria-Biafra War was marked by the magnanimous proclamation of “no victor, no vanquished” by the General Yakubu Gowon-led Federal Military Government (FMG). This was widely welcomed and immediately followed by the policy of “Reconciliation, Rehabilitation, and Reconstruction(3Rs)” toward the victims of the war. In a national broadcast, titled “The Dawn of National Reconciliation,” Gowon declared that the task of reconciliationhadtrulycommenced.1 The harsh conditions of surrender expected fromthe FMGdidnot
materialize; rather, the period was marked by the magnanimity of the FMGinpronouncements that guaranteed the personal safety and security of the Igboandtheir properties, the right to re-side and work anywhere in Nigeria, thereabsorption of civil/public servants of Igbo extraction into the civil serviceandthe military, and the granting of general amnesty to the Igbo. John de St. Jorre,
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whose popular account referred to the conflict as “The Brothers’ War,” arguesthat
this was probably the only armed conflict of its magnitude in history, perpetratedwith so much viciousness and bitterness, where no reprisals, trials, or executionsoccurred.2 It is on this backdrop, this study examines the post-civil war policieswith reference to property act law in Nigeria, 1966-1980

The end of the Nigeria-Biafra War was marked by the magnanimous proclamation of “no victor, no vanquished” by the General Yakubu Gowon-led Federal Military Government (FMG). This was widely welcomed and immediatel yfollowed by the policy of “Reconciliation, Rehabilitation, and Reconstruction(3Rs)” toward the victims of the war. In a national broadcast, titled “The Dawn of National Reconciliation,” Gowon declared that the task of reconciliation had truly commenced.1 The harsh conditions of surrender expected from the FMG did not materialize; rather, the period was marked by the magnanimity of the FMG inpronouncements that guaranteed the personal safety and security of the Igbo and their properties, the right to re-side and work anywhere in Nigeria, there absorption of civil/public servants of Igbo extraction into the civil service and the military, and the granting of general amnesty to the Igbo. John de St. Jorre, whose popular account referred to the conflict as “The Brothers’ War,” argues that
this was probably the only armed conflict of its magnitude in history, perpetrated with so much viciousness and bitterness, where no reprisals, trials, or executionsoccurred.2 It is on this backdrop, this study examines the post-civil war policies with reference to property act law in Nigeria, 1966-1980

The purpose of this study is to assess the contribution of adult education programmes towards poverty reduction in Egor local government area. To enable the achievement of this objective, five research questions were raised and examined. This study adopted the descriptive survey research design. The population of this study comprised of all three hundred and forty thousand, two hundred and eighty-seven (340,287) inhabitants of Egor local government area of Edo State while a total of one hundred and twenty (120) adults selected from each of the ten communities made up the sample for the study. Data for the study was collected through the use of the questionnaire which was face and content validated. A test-retest reliability method was used to ascertain the reliability of the research instrument. Frequency count, simple percentage and mean score standard were used for data analyses. The Findings from this study revealed adult education programmes in Egor local government area include women education, population education, literacy, workers education, and vocational education. The attitude of the people towards adult education programme is positive.Adult education programmes can provide the people with economic skills. Strategies were discovered to access the impact of these skills on the people Adult education have helped developed communities, improved standard of living, provide people with economic skills, improved the reading abilities of the people and enhanced cordial relationship with members of the community

Heavy metal contamination poses significant ecological and health risks in aquatic ecosystems due to its persistence and bioaccumulation potential. This study assesses heavy metal contamination in Brycinus macrolepidotus from the Ovia River, Nigeria, using non-invasive techniques. Iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd) levels were examined in muscle tissues, caudal fins, and scales. The research begins with an in-depth background study emphasizing the
environmental and health implications of heavy metal contamination. Non-invasive techniques are prioritized to accurately assess contamination levels while minimizing harm to fish populations. Ovia River, chosen for its freshwater ecosystem supporting diverse aquatic life and human activities, serves as the study area, with sampling locations representing both upstream and downstream conditions affected by various human activities. Sample collection involved careful handling of Brycinus macrolepidotus specimens to preserve their physiological state. Noninvasive methods collected muscle tissue, caudal fin clips, and scales for heavy metal analysis, ensuring minimal harm to the fish. Results reveal varying heavy metal concentrations, predominantly iron and zinc, in different fish tissues. Non-invasive techniques effectively assessed contamination levels, providing insights crucial for environmental monitoring and conservation efforts.

This study assessed the perceived impact of clinical nursing practice on the academic performance of undergraduate nursing students in the University of Benin. Across-sectional survey design was employed, gathering data from 282 students through structured questionnaires. Findings revealed that 44.9% believed their workload during clinical practice adversely affected their learning, while 76.4% found instructor feedback helpful in enhancing clinical skills. Limited access to resources was reported by 40.6% of participants, and56.4%experienced stress that influenced their perception of clinical practice. Although clinical practice significantly enhanced professional development—49.1% strongly agreeing—it also presented challenges: 83.6% struggled to balance academic and clinical demands, and61.8%cited inadequate resources. Additionally, 50.9% reported insufficient supervision and mentorship, while 54.5% experienced high stress levels. Recommendations to address these issues include enhancing resource availability, strengthening mentorship, managing workloads, and providing stress management training. These interventions could optimize the learning environment and better prepare students for professional practice, emphasizing the need for ongoing evaluation and improvement of clinical training programs to align with healthcare demands and student needs

Sustainable waste management is one of the most important activities in any institution, as it directly influences environmental health and campus sustainability. So far, the manual methods adopted at the University of Benin (UNIBEN) have proven to be inadequate,extremely confusing for users, and lacking in motivation, amongst other disadvantages.
This project emphasizes the need to adopt a more modern, user-centered digital solution. These methods include mobile apps and other digital interventions. Taking into consideration the constraints and the scope of the project, which is the University of Benin, the method proposed by this project is a User-Centered mobile application named "UNICYCLE." However, this project focuses on the UI/UX design and high-fidelity prototyping of this application, where the campus community can access educational guides, learn to sort waste, and be motivated through gamification. The system is validated by user feedback and
quantitative testing.
This project makes use of the User-Centered Design (UCD) approach, specifically the five-phase Design Thinking model (Empathize, Define, Ideate, Prototype, Test), to represent the designs for the system architecture.
These designs served as the framework for the final prototype. The system can handle the whole process of promoting recycling behavior, from user education and motivation to providing real-time utility, validated by an "Excellent" System Usability Scale (SUS) score of 87.0