V. Y. ADAM

BACKGROUND: Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) remain a major global public health problem, especially among youths, causing reproductive health, social, and economic challenges. They are caused by various bacteria, viruses, and parasites, with some curable infections and others requiring lifelong management. Untreated STIs can result in infertility, chronic pain, pregnancy complications, increased HIV risk, and certain cancers. Prevention includes abstinence, consistent condom use, vaccination, limiting sexual partners, and regular testing, though many youths do not practice these consistently. In Nigeria and sub-Saharan Africa, poor sexual health knowledge, misinformation, peer pressure, and risky behaviours continue to increase STI prevalence among young people. OBJECTIVES: This study assessed the knowledge, attitude, and preventive practices towards sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among young people in Ovia North East Local Government Area, Edo State, with the goal of identifying gaps and recommending effective interventions for STI awareness and prevention. METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted amongst 633 youths in Ovia North East LGA of Edo State Nigeria, selected by multistage sampling. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire adapted from validated tools administered via an online google form with required answers, and analyzed with IBM SPSS version 27. Descriptive statistics, chi- square and logistic regression identified predictors at 95% CI with significance at p < 0.05. RESULTS: A total of 633 respondents participated in the study with a 100% response rate. The mean age of respondents was predominantly within 20–24 years 490 (77.4%), while 364 (57.5%) were females and 621 (98.1%) were single. Majority of respondents had heard of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) 604 (95.4%), with schools (86.4%), social media (78.1%), and health workers (75.7%) as major sources of information. Overall, 593 (93.7%) respondents had good knowledge of STIs, while 481 (76.0%) demonstrated positive attitudes towards STI prevention and management. Preventive practices were generally high, with 604 (95.4%) having good preventive practices; however, only 199 (31.4%) had ever tested for STIs, and 183 (28.9%) had received STI vaccination. Among respondents, 72 (11.4%) reported experiencing STI symptoms, with itching (6.6%), discharge (4.9%), and painful urination (4.3%) being the most xiii common symptoms. Hospitals were the most preferred place for treatment 477 (75.4%), followed by private clinics 107 (16.9%). Despite this, overall utilization of appropriate treatment options was poor, as 586 (92.6%) had poor treatment utilization while only 47 (7.4%) had good treatment utilization. Significant predictors of good preventive practice included positive attitude towards STIs (OR = 2.617, p = 0.041), while predictors of good treatment utilization included increasing age (OR = 1.213, p = 0.026). CONCLUSION: Young people in the study area demonstrated high knowledge, positive attitudes, and good preventive practices regarding sexually transmitted infections. However, uptake of important preventive services such as STI screening and vaccination remained low, while utilization of appropriate treatment options was poor. This gap between knowledge and actual health-seeking behaviour suggests persistent barriers such as stigma, delayed treatment seeking, and limited access to youth-friendly sexual health services. Strengthening sexuality education, expanding confidential screening and vaccination services, and promoting early treatment-seeking behaviour are recommended to improve STI prevention and management among young people.

BACKGROUND: Patent medicine stores and vendors frequently serve as the first point of care for many individuals across Nigeria, particularly in semi-urban and rural areas. Although measures exist to regulate their practices, their widespread utilisation for primary health services remains a major public health consideration. OBJECTIVES: This study assessed the utilisation of patent medicine stores and vendors (PMVs) for health services among residents of Ovia North East Local Government Area, Edo State. METHODOLOGY: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 550 residents of Ovia North East Local Government Area, Edo State. Respondents were selected using a multi-sampling method. Data were collected using a structured, interviewer-administered questionnaire and analysed using IBM SPSS version 27.0. The level of significance was set at p < 0.05. RESULT: The mean age of respondents was 29.0±13.5 years, with 304 (55.3%) females and 392 (71.3%) single. Regarding types of health services utilised, malaria treatment was the most frequently sought service 507 (92.2%), followed by headache or pain relief 463 (84.2%) and fever management 441 (80.2%). In contrast, services such as family planning 111 (20.2%), reproductive health advice 111 (20.2%), and treatment of sexually transmitted infections 63 (11.5%) were markedly underutilised. Perceived benefits of PMV patronage included shorter waiting times 407 (74.0%), closer proximity 394 (71.6%), and extended operating hours 339 (61.6%), while major perceived risks were delay in proper medical care 277 (50.4%), sale of medicines without prescription 257 (46.7%), and insufficient vendor training 249 (45.3%). Factors significantly associated with utilisation were proximity to home 385 (70.0%), extended operating hours 341 (62.0%), previous positive experience 338 xvii (61.5%), and cost of services 324 (58.9%). Overall, 364 (66.2%) respondents were satisfied with PMV services, with male residents demonstrating significantly higher satisfaction 180 (73.2%) and willingness to recommend 194 (78.9%) than females with 184 (60.5%) and 193 (63.5%,) respectively. CONCLUSION: Majority of the respondents utilised patent medicine stores for health services, with malaria treatment being the most sought-after care. Accessibility and convenience were the primary drivers of this health-seeking behavior, despite a clear awareness of clinical risks. Satisfaction remained high, especially among male residents. Formal integration, targeted training, and strengthened regulatory oversight are urgently needed to improve the safety and quality of care provided by PMVs.

Background: Family planning is a critical component of reproductive health, yet male involvement in family planning activities remains limited in many low- and middle-income settings. In Nigeria, the contraceptive prevalence rate among married women is only 20%, and men continue to be underrepresented in reproductive health programmes despite their significant influence as household decision-makers. Ovia North East Local Government Area of Edo State reflects these broader national challenges, with inadequate knowledge, socio- cultural barriers, and low male participation identified as key drivers of poor family planning outcomes. Few studies have specifically assessed male involvement using a composite multi￾indicator approach in this setting. Objectives: To assess male involvement in family planning activities in Ovia North East LGA, Edo State. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study design was used. Four hundred and eight (408) adult men in stable sexual relationships or marriages were selected from communities across Ovia North East LGA using a multi-stage sampling technique. Data were collected using a structured, self-administered questionnaire and analysed with IBM SPSS version 27. Descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and binary logistic regression were performed. A composite ten-indicator score was used to classify male involvement as high (score ≥ 7 out of 10) or low. The level of significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: A total of 408 men participated with a response rate of 100%. The mean age (SD) was 42.7 ± 11.4 years. Most respondents were married 308 (75.5%), predominantly Christian 384 (94.1%), with tertiary education accounting for 203 (49.7%) and the majority belonging to the middle socioeconomic class 312 (76.5%). Of the 408 respondents, 363 (89.0%) had heard of family planning; health workers 195 (53.7%), radio or television 193 (53.2%), and friends or relatives 191 (52.6%) were the most common sources. Overall, 262 (72.2%) of those who had heard of family planning had good knowledge, while 101 (27.8%) had poor knowledge. Being married was the only independent predictor of poor knowledge (OR = 0.466, 95% CI: 0.232–0.934, p = 0.031). Nearly all respondents 391 (95.8%) had a positive attitude towards family planning. Christianity was the strongest independent predictor of positive attitude (OR = 9.086, 95% CI: 2.066–39.953, p = 0.003), followed by nuclear family type (OR = 6.530, 95% CI: 1.400–30.467, p = 0.017). Slightly more than half 226 (55.4%) xiv had discussed family planning with their partner, and most 325 (79.7%) approved of their partner using a method, but only 112 (27.5%) had accompanied their partner to a health facility. Less than half 176 (43.1%) were currently using any family planning method, with condoms 111 (63.1%) and withdrawal 83 (47.2%) being the most common methods; vasectomy remained virtually unused 1 (0.6%). Nuclear family type was the only independent predictor of current family planning use (OR = 1.878, 95% CI: 1.007–3.500, p = 0.047). Knowledge of service location (χ² = 30.702, p < 0.001) and perceived affordability (χ² = 28.824, p < 0.001) were the most strongly associated factors with current use, while cultural or religious beliefs were a significant barrier (χ² = 6.111, p = 0.013). Regarding male involvement, 160 (39.2%) were classified as having high involvement and 248 (60.8%) low involvement. The most commonly met indicator was considering family planning a joint responsibility 376 (92.2%), while community participation in health talks was the least met 107 (26.2%). Education (χ² = 42.035, p < 0.001), occupation (χ² = 32.673, p < 0.001), socioeconomic status (χ² = 38.636, p < 0.001), marriage type (p = 0.014), and family type (p = 0.020) were significantly associated with male involvement. Health worker discussion of family planning was the strongest independent predictor of high involvement (OR = 5.768, 95% CI: 3.366–9.885, p < 0.001), followed by good knowledge (OR = 2.028, 95% CI: 1.137– 3.619, p = 0.017) and upper class socioeconomic status (OR = 27.794, 95% CI: 2.358– 327.618, p = 0.008). Conclusion: Nearly three-quarters of men in Ovia North East LGA had good knowledge of family planning and almost all demonstrated a positive attitude. However, slightly less than two-fifths had high overall involvement, and less than half were currently using any family planning method. Health worker engagement emerged as the most powerful modifiable predictor of high involvement. Health authorities should institutionalise routine male family planning counselling at all primary health centres, expand male-targeted community outreach, and engage religious and traditional leaders to create an enabling environment for active male participation in family planning.

Background: Adolescents constitutes a significant portion of any population and frequentlyexperience underservice of their sexual and reproductive health needs in various societies dueto lack of sexual health information and services which place them at risk. This study was conducted with a view to raising awareness of RHS available and ensuring better access andutilization in the community. Aim: To assess the knowledge, access and utilization of reproductive health services (RHS)by female adolescents residing in Oredo Local Government Area, Edo State, Nigeria Methods: The research employed a quantitative design. A total of 592 female adolescentsparticipated in the study, and an assessment was conducted on six health facilities, evenlydistributed between private and government sectors. Data collection utilized interviewer-administered structured questionnaires in English, adapted from existing literature, andhealthpersonnel were interviewed through recorded phone conversations. Significant associationsbetween utilization and categorical variables were assessed using the Chi-squaretest. Knowledge scores were determined using a composite scoring system, and a multivariablelogistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors independently associatedwithutilization. A statistical significance level of p-value below 5% was set for declaring statistical significance. Results: The study involved adolescents aged 11-18 years, predominantly of Beninorigin(50.7%), Christians (94.1%) who mostly lived with both parents (74.3%) and the majorityofparents fell into the middle-income class (83.3%). The average age at menarche was 12.4years, with 18.9% not having experienced first menstruation. About 11%reported their first sexual experience, and 3% were currently sexually active, with 38.9%using contraceptives, primarily oral contraceptive pills.