DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY

The Geophysical survey involving electrical resistivity method has been carried out at Technical road in Benin, A total of five(5) Vertical Electrical Resistivity (VES) were established within the site .The Schlumberger configuration was used for the data acquisition. The quantitative interpretation of the VES involved the plotting on a graph and also used 1X1D software iteration technique. The geoelectric sections drawn from the results of the interpretation revealed a maximum of six layers which comprises of top soil, silt and sandstone.

One hundred (100) ditch cutting samples from OK-1 well, Greater Ughelli Depobelt, Niger Delta Basin, Southern Nigeria, collected from Research and Development Division of Shell Petroleum Development Company was subjected to lithological analysis with the aim of identifying the lithofacies, lithozones, source rocks and seal or caprocks of the analyzed section of the well. The lithological analysis was carried out between six thousand, one hundred and forty (6140ft) and twelve thousand, seven hundred and forty (12740ft). Various lithofacies, together with their associated mineral units were observed mainly by visual examination, taking note of grain sizes, shapes, color, sorting patterns, presence of plant materials and lignitemstreaks of the samples provided. Results of the lithological analysis yielded two (2) lithofacies, which include shale and sandy shale, with presence of plant materials and streaks of lignite, and as a result six (6) lithozones were established. All the lithofacies within the analyzed section of The well were regarded as potential source rocks, because they satisfied the lithological characteristics of source rocks. Seal or caprocks potential of the analyzed section could not however be totally ascertained, because the shales and sandy shales were not observed to be deposited on a reservoir rock by reason of their stratigraphic position, despite satisfying the lithological characteristics of seal or caprock. The analyzed section 6140ft- 12740ft of the OK-1 well was inferred to be the Agbada Formation (paralic sequence) of the Niger Delta Basin, by reason of depth and lithofacies within the section which are basically shale and lesser percentages of sand particles.

The Geophysical survey involving electrical resistivity method has been carried out at
Technical road in Benin, A total of five(5) Vertical Electrical Resistivity (VES) were
established within the site .The Schlumberger configuration was used for the data acquisition. The quantitative interpretation of the VES involved the plotting on a graph and also used
1X1D software iteration technique. The geoelectric sections drawn from the results of the
interpretation revealed a maximum of six layers which comprises of top soil, silt and
sandstone.

One hundred and seventy seven ditch cutting samples were collected from Tomswell, Vals-Field, Niger Delta, at interval of 5715-5730ft to 8680-8695ft which marks the total depth of the well. The samples were subjected to sedimentological, mechanical and heavy mineral separation analysis. Ten (10) depths of interest were selected for proper analysis using a mechanical sieve machine. Pickett crossplots were integrated in evaluating the reservoir quality and depositional environment of sand bodies of the Toms-well in the Val’s Field, Offshore Niger Delta. Evaluated parameters include; storage properties (porosity, saturation), flow property
(permeability) as well as reservoir heterogeneities. Results show that the sand are texturally and compositionally matured. The corosity is fine to medium. The presence of cementing materials act as barriers to vertical flow of fluids but porosity is however preserved and permeability is enhanced by other processes such as coating of the grains by micro-quartz which slows down cementation. The sandstones are sourced from mainly felsic igneous rocks and from low to high grade metamorphic rocks. The depositional system is fluvial while the depositional environment is coastal plain. On the whole, the reservoir quality of the Toms-well, Val’s field is good and will yield optimal output on production.

A geophysical survey was carried out at Edo State Development and Property Agency (EDPA)Housing Estate, Benin City to determine the depth to water table at four points within the study area. The Geophysical method used was the Electrical Resistivity Method. The Vertical Electrical Sounding technique was used in the survey with the Schlumberger Array being the electrode setup of choice. Four electrical soundings were carried out with the aid of ABEM SAS 300 terrameter set. The reduction of the acquired data was done with a spreadsheet software. The Interpretation was done using software such as IX1D. 3D field was used to generate subsurface maps.
The results of our interpretation show that in every VES sounding a prolific aquifer was located at relatively shallow depths. The depth to groundwater values from VES 1, 2, 3, and 4 show us a depth to water table of 87, 107, 85, and 93 metres respectively. The groundwater flow direction was also determined and the groundwater is considered to be safe as the depth to groundwater is high enough to be out of contact with underground sewage storages and also, the clay beds above the aquifers serve as filtering medium for infiltrating groundwater and escaping sewage.

This research gives attention to the non-energy use of Lignite samples collected from Ohordua town of Edo State and Azagba-Ogwashi in Delta State. A total of six composite Lignite samples,from ten sampled points were subjected to analytical study, with a view to determining their humic content and properties for use in soil beneficiation and conditioning.Proximate and Ultimate analytical technique was used to characterize the lignite from which humic acid was extracted under alkaline condition, and precipitated using acidic medium of 6M HCl.X-Ray Diffraction and X-Ray Fluorescence analytical methods were employed to determine the mineralogical and elemental composition of the samples respectively,while Ultra-Violent visible spectroscopy was used for organic characterization of the humic acid.Proximate analyses of the Lignite show percentage composition of Ohordua and Azagba-Ogwashi Lignite respectively,Fixed Carbon (65.22 wt% and 67.16wt%),Moisture Content (26 wt% and 25.4wt%) and Ash (5.02 wt% and 4.5 wt%).Ultimate analyses shows Hydrogen (6.60 wt% and 6.22wt%), Nitrogen (1.34 wt% and 1.19wt%,) Sulphur (0.77 wt% and 0.70wt%), Oxygen (26.07 wt% and 24.73 wt%), for Ohordua and Azagba-Ogwashi respectively.The analytical results suggest the existing lignite with varying thickness is of Lignite rank. The Ultimate analyses of the extracted Humic acid show Carbon (57.5wt% and 55.8wt%)%, Hydrogen (5.1 wt% and 3.9wt%), Nitrogen (2.5 wt% and 1.1wt%), Sulphur (Nil and 0.3wt%) and Oxygen (34.9 wt% and 38.9wt%,) for Ohordua and Azagba-Ogwashi, respectively.The mineralogical composition in the lignite samples shows Kaolinite was the main clay mineral identified. Non clay minerals such as anorthite, drierite, yeelimite, spurite, belite, wollastonite, hematite, pyrite, bauxite and quartz were detected.For Ultra-Violent visible spectroscopy characterization of the Humic Acid, E2/E3 and E4/E6 absorption values for Ohordua (21.69 and 4.50) respectively, while Azagba-Ogwashi reveal (19.39 and 4.6) respectively. The humic substance has percentage aromaticity values of 33.90% and 34.06%, total acidity has 10.4% and 10.1%, COOH has 3.4% and 3.3%, Phenolic has 7.0% and 6.8% and acidity ratio has 0.49% and 0.48%, for Ohordua and Azagba-Ogwashi, respectively which depicts the Humic Acid has a high degree of Humification and a very good total acidity ratio. Results from this research indicate that the Lignite from both locations are similar in geochemistry, mineralogy and organic properties. Although,humification is high in both samples, Ohordua Lignite with lesser aromaticity and E4/E6 ratio, higher E2/E3 ratio and higher acidity ratio is more suitable for soil beneficiation and conditioning than that of Azagba-Ogwashi.

This research gives attention to the non-energy use of Lignite samples collected from Ohordua
town of Edo State and Azagba-Ogwashi in Delta State. A total of six composite Lignite
samples,from ten sampled points were subjected to analytical study, with a view to determining
their humic content and properties for use in soil beneficiation and conditioning.Proximate and
Ultimate analytical technique was used to characterize the lignite from which humic acid was
extracted under alkaline condition, and precipitated using acidic medium of 6M HCl.X-Ray
Diffraction and X-Ray Fluorescence analytical methods were employed to determine the
mineralogical and elemental composition of the samples respectively,while Ultra-Violent visible
spectroscopy was used for organic characterization of the humic acid.Proximate analyses of the
Lignite show percentage composition of Ohordua and Azagba-Ogwashi Lignite
respectively,Fixed Carbon (65.22 wt% and 67.16wt%),Moisture Content (26 wt% and 25.4wt%)
and Ash (5.02 wt% and 4.5 wt%).Ultimate analyses shows Hydrogen (6.60 wt% and 6.22wt%), Nitrogen (1.34 wt% and 1.19wt%,) Sulphur (0.77 wt% and 0.70wt%), Oxygen (26.07 wt% and
24.73 wt%), for Ohordua and Azagba-Ogwashi respectively.The analytical results suggest the
existing lignite with varying thickness is of Lignite rank. The Ultimate analyses of the extracted
Humic acid show Carbon (57.5wt% and 55.8wt%)%, Hydrogen (5.1 wt% and 3.9wt%), Nitrogen
(2.5 wt% and 1.1wt%), Sulphur (Nil and 0.3wt%) and Oxygen (34.9 wt% and 38.9wt%,) for
Ohordua and Azagba-Ogwashi, respectively.The mineralogical composition in the lignite
samples shows Kaolinite was the main clay mineral identified. Non clay minerals such as
anorthite, drierite, yeelimite, spurite, belite, wollastonite, hematite, pyrite, bauxite and quartz
were detected.For Ultra-Violent visible spectroscopy characterization of the Humic Acid, E2/E3
and E4/E6 absorption values for Ohordua (21.69 and 4.50) respectively, while Azagba-Ogwashi
reveal (19.39 and 4.6) respectively. The humic substance has percentage aromaticity values of
33.90% and 34.06%, total acidity has 10.4% and 10.1%, COOH has 3.4% and 3.3%, Phenolic
has 7.0% and 6.8% and acidity ratio has 0.49% and 0.48%, for Ohordua and Azagba-Ogwashi, respectively which depicts the Humic Acid has a high degree of Humification and a very good
total acidity ratio. Results from this research indicate that the Lignite from both locations are
similar in geochemistry, mineralogy and organic properties. Although,humification is high in
both samples, Ohordua Lignite with lesser aromaticity and E4/E6 ratio, higher E2/E3 ratio and
higher acidity ratio is more suitable for soil beneficiation and conditioning than that of Azagba- Ogwashi.

ABSTRACT
This research gives attention to the non-energy use of Lignite samples collected from
Ohordua town of Edo State and Azagba-Ogwashi in Delta State. A total of six composite
Lignite samples,from ten sampled points were subjected to analytical study, with a view to
determining their humic content and properties for use in soil beneficiation and
conditioning.Proximate and Ultimate analytical technique was used to characterize the
lignite from which humic acid was extracted under alkaline condition, and precipitated using
acidic medium of 6M HCl.X-Ray Diffraction and X-Ray Fluorescence analytical methods
were employed to determine the mineralogical and elemental composition of the samples
respectively,while Ultra-Violent visible spectroscopy was used for organic characterization of
the humic acid.Proximate analyses of the Lignite show percentage composition of Ohordua
and Azagba-Ogwashi Lignite respectively,Fixed Carbon (65.22 wt% and
67.16wt%),Moisture Content (26 wt% and 25.4wt%) and Ash (5.02 wt% and 4.5
wt%).Ultimate analyses shows Hydrogen (6.60 wt% and 6.22wt%), Nitrogen (1.34 wt% and
1.19wt%,) Sulphur (0.77 wt% and 0.70wt%), Oxygen (26.07 wt% and 24.73 wt%), for
Ohordua and Azagba-Ogwashi respectively.The analytical results suggest the existing lignite
with varying thickness is of Lignite rank. The Ultimate analyses of the extracted Humic acid
show Carbon (57.5wt% and 55.8wt%)%, Hydrogen (5.1 wt% and 3.9wt%), Nitrogen (2.5
wt% and 1.1wt%), Sulphur (Nil and 0.3wt%) and Oxygen (34.9 wt% and 38.9wt%,) for
Ohordua and Azagba-Ogwashi, respectively.The mineralogical composition in the lignite
samples shows Kaolinite was the main clay mineral identified. Non clay minerals such as
anorthite, drierite, yeelimite, spurite, belite, wollastonite, hematite, pyrite, bauxite and quartz
were detected.For Ultra-Violent visible spectroscopy characterization of the Humic Acid, E2/E3 and E4/E6 absorption values for Ohordua (21.69 and 4.50) respectively, while Azagba- Ogwashi reveal (19.39 and 4.6) respectively. The humic substance has percentage aromaticity
values of 33.90% and 34.06%, total acidity has 10.4% and 10.1%, COOH has 3.4% and 3.3%, Phenolic has 7.0% and 6.8% and acidity ratio has 0.49% and 0.48%, for Ohordua and
Azagba-Ogwashi, respectively which depicts the Humic Acid has a high degree of
Humification and a very good total acidity ratio. Results from this research indicate that the
Lignite from both locations are similar in geochemistry, mineralogy and organic properties. Although,humification is high in both samples, Ohordua Lignite with lesser aromaticity and
E4/E6 ratio, higher E2/E3 ratio and higher acidity ratio is more suitable for soil beneficiation
and conditioning than that of Azagba-Ogwashi.