2019

Soil actinomycetes are recognized as promising sources of new antimicrobials. Antimicrobial resistance in pathogens has greatly increased in recent years, and has become a global public health problem. New antimicrobials are continuously required to combat these resistant strains. The aim of this study was to isolate and screen soil actinomycetes and evaluate their secondary metabolites for antimicrobial activities against selected pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Four soil samples were collected, pre-treated with CaCO3, serially diluted and spread plated on actinomycetes isolation agar (AIA) and international streptomyces project media 2 (ISP-2), supplemented with nystatin, neomycin and polymyxin B . Perpendicular streak method was used to check antagonistic activities of the isolated actinomycetes against test microorganisms. Small scale submerged fermentation system was used for the production of antimicrobial metabolites from the isolates. Agar well diffusion was then used to evaluate antimicrobial activities of the crude extracts against the test microorganisms. The average aerobic actinomycetes plate count from the different soil samples ranged from 3.0×10 4 ± 2.4 to 3.6×10 4 ± 1.9 CFU/g. A total of 28 different microorganisms were isolated, characterized by cultural and morphological methods and identified as actinomycetes. Out of the 28 isolates, 10 (36%) showed antimicrobial activities on primary screening; from which isolates BYQ3, CYP1, CYP2, CYP4 and CYQ2 were selected for their wide spectrum of activities. Diameters of inhibition zones produced by these 5 isolates against the test microorganisms on secondary screening, ranged from 0 to 26 mm. Isolates CYP1 and CYP2 had the widest zones with CYP1 producing 26 mm against Candida albicans. The two promising isolates were further characterized by physiological and biochemical tests and identified as genus Streptomyces. Isolate CYP1 was then identified to the specie level by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis which confirmed that Streptomyces sp. CYP1 was homologous to Streptomyces albus (strain DSM 40313) of the order Actinomycetales and class Actinobacteria. Optimization of production conditions, further purification, structural elucidation and characterization are recommended to know the quality, novelty and commercial value of these antimicrobials key words

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a clinical syndrome associated with deficiency of insulin secretion or action. It is considered one of the largest emerging threats to health in the 21 st century. It is estimated that there will be 380 million persons with Diabetes mellitus in 2025 (Atkins et al., 2010). Besides the classical complications of the disease, DM has been associated with reduced response of T cells, neutrophil function, and disorders of humoral immunity (Muller et al., 2005). Consequently, DM increases the susceptibility to infections, both the most common ones as well as those that almost always affect only people with DM (e.g. rhinocerebral mucormycosis)(Peleg et al., 2007). Such infections, in addition to the repercussions associated with its infectivity, may trigger DM complications such as hypoglycemia and ketoacidosis. Fungal infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in immune compromised individuals (such as diabetes mellitus) and Candida are among the most common pathogens in these patients (Pahwa, 2015). The prevalence of diabetes has been on the increase. Diabetes is associated with certain diseases such as candidiasis (Bader et al., 2015). Candida species are important nosocomial pathogens in critically ill patients and are associated with substantial mortality and 1 prolonged hospitalization in the intensive care unit

This study was carried out to investigate cybercrime and the misuseofmodern technologies by youths in the University of Benin. Cybercrimeisvastly growing in the world of technology today. Cybercriminals exploitinternet users’ personal information for their own gain. They dive deepintothe dark web to buy and sell illegal products and services and evengainaccess to classified government information. Many nations of the worldhaveblacklisted Nigerian youths in connection with fraudulent and illegal internetactivities and as such would not want to do any formof legitimate businesstransaction(s) with them especially on the internet with the fear of beingscammed or duped. Cybercrime in Nigeria seems to be perpetuatedbyyouths especially those in Universities and to a very large extent cybercrimeseems to affect their educational pursuit and academic performance. Theyouths are of a great concern and importance to every society, so, whateverit takes, their development should be looked into so as to promote thegoalsof education. Nine research questions were raised and six hypotheseswereformulated to guide the study. The descriptive survey research design was adopted for the study. Thepopulation of the study comprised 43,772 students made up of 39,243undergraduates and 4,529 postgraduates. The data was collectedusingsimple random sampling technique and a sample size of 408 studentswasselected from the University of Benin. The research instrument usedfor the xiv study was a self-structured questionnaire. The instrument was subjectedtoscrutiny and test-retest reliability of 0.96 was derived, indicatingthat theinstrument was reliable. The data were analyzed using frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, chi-square and t-test of independent samplesstatistics. The results revealed that unemployment, greed for money, povertyand parental conflict are among the leading causes of misuse of moderntechnology for cybercrime. Cybercrime activities can impact negativelyonyouths in the areas of academics, interpersonal relationships, socialbehaviour, and so on. Non-prosecution of cybercriminals by government andlaw enforcement agents encourages youths’ participation in cybercrimeactivities. Peer influence encourage youths’ involvement in cybercrimeactivities. There is a direct link between knowledge of internet andcybercrime activities. There exists a relationship between socio-economicstatus of youths and their involvement in cybercrime. Males aremoreinclined to cybercrime and deviant behaviours than their female counterparts. family and parents’ socio-economic background is linked toyouthinvolvement in cybercrimes and there is a relationship betweeneducationand cybercrime activities among youths. It was concluded that the causative factors of youths’ involvement incybercrime can be curbed or reduced to its barest minimumand youthscanbe encouraged to uphold societal values and shun criminal tendencies. It was xv recommended that the government should formulate workable policiesagainst cybercrimes.

The major focus of the study is to find out if there exist relationship between, themarketing practices and the benefits to the stakeholders of the HealthInstitutionin Nigeria. Specifically, the objective of the study is to ascertaintheef ectiveness, extent, how to adopt and accept fully marketing practices intheactivities of the hospitals in Nigeria. This study is important in order toimprovethe activities of Health Institution in Nigeria for the customers andclient tobenefit more than ever before. In the study the descriptive survey methodwasadopted for use and the questionnaire used to collect data for the study. Thesample of 900 respondents were from some 50 hospitals fromsix states of thesouth-south zone of Nigeria. The sampling technique used to get the sampleswas the judgmental technique. Four hypotheses were formulated to test thedatacollected and analysed with chi-square.The findings showed that therewasapositive and significant relationship between the marketing practices andthebenefits to be derived by the customer and clients of the Health InstitutionsinNigeria. And the main conclusion therefore is that the Health InstitutionsinNigeria should accept and adopt fully the use of marketing practices intheiractivities for more successes and achievements in the duties of the HospitalsinNigeria. This thesis recommends that hospitals should adopt andacceptmarketing practices fully in its activities. This, they can do by budgetingformarketing, planning for marketing, having trained marketing staf , havingamarketing department and head of the department who should be professionallytrained in marketing. They should follow the marketing methods as usedbytheprofit-making organizations.

Risk management has become a critical function in modern organizations due to increasing uncertainty, competition, regulatory demands, and rapid technological change. This study examines the relationship between risk management practices and corporate organizational effectiveness. It explores how systematic identification, assessment, mitigation, and monitoring of risks contribute to improved decision-making, operational stability, and long-term sustainability within organizations. The study highlights key components of effective risk management frameworks, including risk assessment, internal controls, compliance mechanisms, and strategic risk planning.
Using a conceptual and analytical approach, the research reviews existing literature and organizational practices to determine how proactive risk management influences organizational performance indicators such as productivity, financial stability, adaptability, and goal achievement. The findings suggest that organizations that integrate risk management into their strategic and operational processes are better positioned to anticipate uncertainties, reduce potential losses, and exploit emerging opportunities.
Furthermore, the study emphasizes the importance of leadership commitment, organizational culture, and clear risk governance structures in ensuring the successful implementation of risk management systems. It concludes that effective risk management significantly enhances corporate organizational effectiveness by promoting resilience, improving resource allocation, and strengthening stakeholder confidence. The study recommends that organizations adopt comprehensive risk management frameworks and continuously evaluate risk strategies to maintain competitiveness and achieve sustainable growth.

This research work sets out to examine the psychological effects of violence on women and children. It is against this background that the research project sets out the following objectives amongst which are: to ascertain the psychological effect of violence on women, to ascertain the psychological effect of violence of children and to determine the nature of violence on children. With this objectives, 100 respondents were given questionnaires to fill in other to ascertain the psychological effects associated with violence against women and children. To this end, this research aim to bring this psychological effects to light and also to proffer solutions that would help ameliorate this social problem against women and children.

This study assessed the problems militating against effective teaching and learning of science subjects in senior secondary schools in Edo state. The study was carried out in Ovia North East local government area of Edo state. Five research questions guided the study. The design of the study is survey research design. A sample of ten (1O) students each from five(5) schools were used for the study. The instrument used was a researcher developed questionnaire tagged problems militating against teaching and learning of science subjects in senior secondary school (PMAETLSQ). The questionnaire was validated by my project supervisor. The data generated was interpreted using simple percentage statistical analysis. The major findings were that most science teachers are experienced I teaching the subjects but not qualified academically, most public schools have science laboratories but are not practically taught science in the laboratory and that school ownership affect teaching and learning of science. Recommendation were made to the government and school board on how to eradicate these problems in senior secondary schools.

Coup d’etat has been variously described as an aberration; the phenomenon remain a recurring decimal in Nigeria history until recently. While military regimes may have impacted positively on the socio-economic and political development of Nigeria, it also contributed in several respects to discontent, dissatisfaction and wrangling among different ethnic nations in Nigeria. For instance, between 1960-1999, Nigerian witnessed resurgence of ethnic nationalism mainly because various ethnic groups struggled to register their grievances as was the case of 1966 coup and counter coups, Gideon Orka’s coup, the emergence of Odua People’s Congress and the Movement for the Survival of Ogoni People, respectively, before and after the annulment of June 12, 1993 presidential election.

Coconut oil has a unique role in human nutrition, it clinical studies reveal an effect on human health. Herbal plants are traditionally used in folklore medicine for various diseases. This work aimed at investigating the immunoprotective effects of cold-pressed coconut oil in immunosupressed Wistar rat. A standard procedure was used to carry out immunomodulatory properties of the extract with modifications. The immunomodulatory properties of coconut oil were investigated by testing the immune responses to the antigen challenges with sheep red blood cells (SRBCs). The animals were placed into six groups of five rats per group. Coconut oil was given orally at the dosage level of 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0ml/kg for 21 days; also 0.3ml i.p of SRBCs. Evaluation was carried out by testing the hematological parameters. The result obtained showed a significant increase in 0.25ml dose after twenty-one (21) days. White blood cell (11.70 ± 1.25) had same value with control and HGB (15.57± 0.67), increase significantly when compare with control. The CD4 and CD8 had better result with coconut oil when compared with the control. The Anti-Oxidant activities had a positive response in 0.25ml. Histological result reveals a healthy heart, lungs, spleen, liver and kidney in lower dose of oil extract. In conclusion, Coconut oil can be said to contain immunomodulatory effect in accordance with folklore report

There has recently been an increase for the usage of clay minerals. Hence, the driving force for this research work which was carried out to determine the chemical composition and basic geotechnical and physical characteristics of Ogiso and Okhoro clay deposits in Edo State, Southern Nigeria. In this study, ten (10) fresh clay samples were randomly collected, three(3) from Okhoro and seven(7) from Ogiso and were subjected to X-ray-Diffraction (XRD), Xray-Fluorescence (XRF) and geotechnical analysis to determine their mineralogy, chemical composition and engineering behaviour so as to evaluate their economic potential. The XRD analysis revealed that the basic mineralogy of the samples studied is made up of kaolinite, quartz and hematite with traces of zircon, illite and anatase occurring in minor amounts in some of the samples. The XRF analysis revealed the occurrence of 10 elemental oxides and 10 elemental trace elements. The major elemental oxides include SiO2 with a range of 55.82 – 61.41wt %, Al2O3 with a range of 21.12 – 24.42% and Fe2O3 with a range of 6.05 – 9.06% while the major elemental trace elements are zircon with a range of 0.89 – 1.78wt%, zinc with a range of 0 – 1.51%, copper with a range of 0 – 1.39wt% and chromium with a range of
0.01 – 0.11wt%. The geotechnical analysis revealed that the samples are of low to medium plastic inorganic clay with percentage fines fraction of 76.84 – 78.45%