PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES

This study evaluated the phytochemical and physicochemical properties of raw wheat grains (Triticum aestivum L.) sourced from Warri, Delta State, to provide region-specific data on its nutritional and functional potential. Although wheat is a globally important staple, localized compositional data for Southern Nigeria are limited; this research addresses that gap by characterizing bioactive constituents, proximate composition, mineral content, and vitamin C level in locally obtained grain. The objectives were to qualitatively screen for major phytochemicals, determine proximate composition (moisture, ash, crude fat, crude fibre, crude protein, carbohydrate), quantify selected minerals (Na, K, Mg, Ca, Fe, Zn), and measure vitamin C content. Standard laboratory protocols were used: reagent-based qualitative assays for phytochemicals (e.g., Wagner’s, Salkowski, ferric chloride, Fehling’s tests), AOAC procedures for proximate analysis, atomic absorption spectrophotometry for mineral quantification following acid digestion, and a titrimetric method for vitamin C. Key findings show the presence of glycosides, saponins, alkaloids, phenolics, terpenoids, flavonoids, and reducing sugars, while tannins and steroids were absent. Proximate values were: moisture 12.78%, ash 2.15%, crude fat 1.92%, crude fibre 2.39%, crude protein 10.81%, and carbohydrate 69.95%. Mineral concentrations (mg/kg) were: K 3650, Mg 1635.5, Ca 272, Fe 67, Zn 28.51, and Na 62.86. Vitamin C was low (mean 0.260 ± 0.01 mg/100 g). These results indicate that the wheat sample is energy-dense, storage-stable (moisture <14%), and rich in bioactive phenolics and flavonoids that confer antioxidant and potential cardioprotective benefits. The absence of tannins suggests reduced antinutritional effects, although mineral bioavailability may still be influenced by other factors (e.g., phytates). Implications include supporting promotion of whole-wheat consumption to maximize intake of fibre, minerals, and phytochemicals, and recommending dietary complementation with vitamin C–rich foods to improve micronutrient utilization. The study provides data for Warri-sourced wheat and underscores the need for quantitative phytochemical assays, bioavailability studies post-processing, and region-wide comparisons or biofortification efforts.

Premium Motor Spirit (PMS), commonly known as petrol, is the most widely used fuel in Nigeria, and Benin City in particular. It plays a vital role in transportation, power generation, and other daily activities. However, the quality of PMS available to consumers has often been questioned due to issues of adulteration, contamination, and poor handling. These problems can affect engine performance, increase fuel consumption, and contribute to environmental pollution. This study focused on the analysis of selected physicochemical properties of Premium Motor Spirit (PMS) obtained from four Local Government Areas in Benin City, namely Oredo, Ikpoba- Okha, Egor, and Ovia North East. The aim was to evaluate the quality of PMS distributed within these areas and compare the results against the standard specifications provided by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). Parameters such as density, Reid vapour pressure (RVP), octane rating, boiling point, colour, and basic sediment and water (BSW) were determined following ASTM approved methods. The distillation results showed initial Boiling Points (IBP) ranging from 32 - 35°C with three samples slightly below the ASTM specification of 35°C, while Final Boiling Points (179 - 190°C) and recovery (98 - 99%) were within accepted limits. Density values measured at 15°C ranged from 0.741 - 0.746g/cm3 , falling within the ASTM specification range of 0.720 - 0.780g/cm3 , indicating compliance in terms of volatility and combustion efficiency. Colour determination revealed a consistent Plain Yellow appearance across all samples, in agreement with ASTM D1500 standards, reflecting proper refining and the absence of contaminants such as water, rust or heavy hydrocarbons. The BSW values for all the four LGAs were less than 0.05% by volume, which is well within ASTM tolerable limits, confirming negligible water or sediment contamination. The RVP values ranged from 57.22651 - 58.60546kpa, falling within the ASTM range of 45 - 60kpa. Lastly, the RON values ranged from 90-91 which was within the ASTM specification range of 90 - 93. The PMS samples used in this study met the ASTM standards, indicating good quality and suitability for use. The slight deviations observed, such as in the IBP values, point to the need for continuous monitoring.

Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass) is well known for its medicinal and therapeutic activity which is mainly due to its essential oil, which has been established in previous studies to exhibit antioxidant, and sun-protective properties. In addition, the previous study has already determined its phytochemical composition (via GC-MS). This study serves as a continuation of previous work, focusing on the physicochemical characterization of lemongrass essential oil and its formulation into a cream to explore its stability and potential skincare applications. Fresh lemongrass leaves were subjected to hydrodistillation using a Clevenger-like apparatus to extract the essential oil. The physicochemical properties of the oil were analyzed, including specific gravity, acid value, saponification value, refractive index, iodine value, color, and taste. The extracted oil was then formulated into an oil-in water (O/W) emulsion cream, and its stability, pH, viscosity, spreadability, and irritation potential were evaluated. The yield of the extracted essential oil was 0.64%. Physicochemical analysis indicates a specific gravity of 0.8713, acid value of 5.0 mg KOH/g, saponification value of 170 mg KOH/g, refractive index of 1.4818, iodine value of 60 g I₂/100 g, and a pale yellow color with a bitter, spicy taste. The formulated cream exhibited good visual stability, spreadability, and a neutral pH, with the 1% essential oil concentration showing the best compatibility with the skin. These findings validate the potential of Cymbopogon citratus essential oil as a natural sun screen ingredient for skincare formulations, particularly for its stability and suitability in cream-based products. Further studies on the long-term stability and enhanced formulation characteristics are recommended.