S.I. Akinbohun

A Battery Management System (BMS) is an electronic control system that monitors and manages rechargeable battery packs. Secondary batteries are commonly used as the storage of energy produced by solar panels. However, the utilization of a battery without proper management can cause damage due to overcharging and over-discharging.
The BMS continuously monitors cell voltages, current, temperature, and state of charge while protecting potentially damaging conditions such as overcharging, over-discharging, excessive current, and temperature extremes. Advanced systems incorporate cell balancing to maintain uniform charge distribution across multiple cells, thermal management to regulate operating temperatures, and sophisticated algorithms to estimate battery state of health and remaining useful life.
This study aims to design a battery management system (BMS) on a Valve Regulated LeadAcid (VRLA) battery. The method used was the battery State of Charge (SOC) estimation using Coulomb Counting (CC) method. The results showed that the BMS was successfully designed and implemented to automatically cut-off the current when the SOC value is 100% (charging limit) and 20% (discharging limit)

The rapid growth in the use of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), driven by the global shift toward electric vehicles and renewable energy, presents both opportunities and challenges for sustainability. This research explores the current state and future prospects of lithium-ion battery recycling, focusing on its environmental, economic, and policy implications. Through a mixed- methods approach combining systematic literature review, thematic analysis, life cycle assessment (LCA), and multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA), the study evaluates the efficiency, environmental footprint, and cost structures of pyrometallurgical, hydrometallurgical, and direct recycling methods. The findings indicate that hydrometallurgical processes currently offer the most balanced and scalable solution, while direct recycling shows strong long-term promise pending technological advancement. The study also emphasizes the critical role of robust regulatory frameworks and circular economy principles in enhancing sustainability. Ultimately, this work highlights battery recycling as a key enabler of a more resource-efficient and environmentally responsible energy future.