BATTERY RECYCLING

The rapid growth in the use of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), driven by the global shift toward electric vehicles and renewable energy, presents both opportunities and challenges for sustainability. This research explores the current state and future prospects of lithium-ion battery recycling, focusing on its environmental, economic, and policy implications. Through a mixed- methods approach combining systematic literature review, thematic analysis, life cycle assessment (LCA), and multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA), the study evaluates the efficiency, environmental footprint, and cost structures of pyrometallurgical, hydrometallurgical, and direct recycling methods. The findings indicate that hydrometallurgical processes currently offer the most balanced and scalable solution, while direct recycling shows strong long-term promise pending technological advancement. The study also emphasizes the critical role of robust regulatory frameworks and circular economy principles in enhancing sustainability. Ultimately, this work highlights battery recycling as a key enabler of a more resource-efficient and environmentally responsible energy future.