. D.O. Ekhareaf

This study was informed by the growing concern over the rapid spread of misinformation on social media platforms, particularly X, and its implications for public discourse and the credibility of news reporting. Despite the introduction of tools like Community Notes, the effectiveness of fact-checking on X remains debated, especially among young, active users. The study was guided by five key objectives: to examine the influence of X on news fact-checking, evaluate the effectiveness of fact-checking mechanisms, assess user awareness and reactions to these tools, identify challenges associated with fact-checking, and propose actionable recommendations for improvement. The research was anchored on three theoretical frameworks; Agenda-Setting Theory, Framing Theory, and Uses and Gratifications Theory which provided insights into how misinformation spreads, how users interpret fact-checks, and what drives their engagement or apathy. A descriptive survey design was adopted, and data were collected from 200 purposively selected respondents in the University of Benin using structured questionnaires. The responses were analyzed using frequency tables and simple percentages to reveal user perceptions, engagement patterns, and credibility assessments related to fact-checking mechanisms on X. Findings revealed that while a vast majority (76.5%) of respondents used X daily, only 24.5% were aware of fact-checking tools like Community Notes. Though 71.5% trusted fact-check labels and 68.5% agreed these tools help reduce misinformation, engagement remained passive. Notably, 100% of respondents agreed that misinformation spreads faster than fact-checks, highlighting a significant challenge in curbing digital falsehoods. The study concludes that although users trust fact-checking efforts and acknowledge their relevance, the effectiveness of these mechanisms is hindered by low awareness, limited visibility, and inconsistent application. Addressing these challenges requires a multifaceted approach that combines user education, platform policy reforms, and technological innovation. Two key recommendations are: (1) Increase awareness of fact- checking tools on X through targeted user education and interface redesigns to improve visibility; and (2) Ensure transparency and neutrality in the deployment of fact-checks by fostering collaboration with verified and independent organizations.