Biochemical changes

This study aimed to determine metal analysis on the soil, weight changes, antioxidant defense systems, level of malondialdehyde, lipid content, the phospholipids profile, the activity for two weeks of energy and some enzymes in energy metabolism, and the lipid profile in tadpoles exposed to effluents from automobile workshops. Tadpoles were obtained from runoff water containing effluents used in automobile workshops from two different sites (Evbarake and Uwelu) in Benin City, Nigeria were used in this study. A total of 60 tadpoles were divided into three Groups with each group containing 20 tadpoles. Group 1 served as the control. Group 2 Evbarake site. Group 3 Uwelu site. Soil samples were collected from Capitol University of Benin Control group and automobile workshops (Exposed groups) respectively. The animals were maintained for the study period of two weeks with their requisite sample soil/water from the respective sites. Metal analysis on the soil, weight changes, antioxidant defense systems, level of malondialdehyde, lipid content, the phospholipids profile, the activity for two weeks of energy and some enzymes in energy metabolism, and the lipid profile were analyzed using standard methods. The data from Table 4.1 show that the heavy metal analysis were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than the control. The malondyaldehyde levels were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in tadpoles from both sites compared to the control group. The Evbarake site showed a significant (p < 0.05) increase in catalase activity compared to the control, while the Uwelu site showed a slight decrease. The glutathione peroxidase activity was significantly increased in tadpoles from both test sites when compared to the control. Aldehyde oxidase activity was significantly higher in tadpoles from both contaminated sites compared to the control. The results demonstrated that the exposure led to a significant (p < 0.05) increase in total lipids, triacylglycerol, low density lipoproteins and high density lipoproteins in a site-dependent manner. The exposure led to a significant increase in glucose levels. It was also observed that the exposure of tadpoles within the test sites decreased the weight of tadpoles and final weight of head region in tadpoles from the Uwelu site showed a significant decrease when compared to those from the control site (p < 0.05). Overall, this study provides important insights into the potential health risks associated with effluents exposure including alteration in glucose metabolism, antioxidant enzymes activity, and lipid peroxidation in the presence of effluents which may cause oxidative stress in the test sites. Further research is needed to fully elucidate the underlying mechanisms and potential longterm effect of this exposure.

This study investigates biochemical changes in the aqueous humor and blood of bovine eyes after death to improve methods for estimating the post-mortem interval (PMI) in forensic investigations. The aqueous humor, a clear fluid in the eye's anterior chamber, is relatively isolated from external factors and may serve as a more reliable fluid for PMI estimation compared to blood, which is subject to faster and more variable biochemical changes. Key biochemical markers (e.g., glucose, electrolytes, and proteins) will be measured in both fluids at different times after death. The results obtained will determine if the aqueous humor has more gradual and predictable biochemical changes than the blood or if it changes more rapidly and inconsistently as compared to the blood. This will further suggests that aqueous humor may or may not provide a more stable timeline for estimating PMI, especially when compared to blood samples. This study will be a support to the use of either blood or aqueous humor as a biomarker in forensic settings and calls for further research on post-mortem biochemical dynamics in humans and environmental influences on fluid degradation.

This study investigates biochemical changes in the aqueous humor and blood of bovine eyes after death to improve methods for estimating the post-mortem interval (PMI) in forensic investigations. The aqueous humor, a clear fluid in the eye's anterior chamber, is relatively isolated from external factors and may serve as a more reliable fluid for PMI estimation compared to blood, which is subject to faster and more variable biochemical changes. Key biochemical markers (e.g., glucose, electrolytes, and proteins) will be measured in both fluids at different times after death. The results obtained will determine if the aqueous humor has more gradual and predictable biochemical changes than the blood or if it changes more rapidly and inconsistently as compared to the blood. This will further suggests that aqueous humor may or may not provide a more stable timeline for estimating PMI, especially when compared to blood samples. This study will be a support to the use of either blood or aqueous humor as a biomarker in forensic settings and calls for further research on post-mortem biochemical dynamics in humans and environmental influences on fluid degradation.