SUB.ACUTE EFFECTS OF ORAL CONSUMPTION OF SODIUM NITRATE SALT ON HISTOLOGY OF LIVER AND KIDNEY OF ALBINOWISTER RATS
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Abstract
Sodium nitrate is used as a preservative in processed meats and poultry products across the country. Though, production of nitric oxide and nitrite may prevent various types of cardiovascular disease including hypertension, atherosclerosis, and stroke.
However,health concerns relating to cancer andleukaemia have not been ruled out. Therefore, this project was to examine histological changes inliver and kidney of white rats treated withsodium nitrate salt. Other objectives were to determine its
effects on liver enzymes, and electrolytes and urea.Twenty (20) in-bred white rats of both sexes, aged: 2-4 months and weighed 160-200g were randomly picked to form five (5) groups (n=4) labeled A to D as test while E served as control. Rats were
housed in plastic cages with saw dust as beddings and acclimatize for 2 weeksat temperature (25±5ºC), humidity (54-59%) and periodicity (12:12hrs) in a clean environment while Standard top feed® and water were provided regularly. Five gram
(5g) of nitrate salt was measured with a weighing balance into a sterile conical flask while 1L of distilled water was added with a standard measuring cylinder and agitated vigorously with the GFL shaker for 5minutes until all dissolved. Rats in groups A to
D were treated orally for 30days at 2days interval in this order: 5mg/kg, 10mg/kg, 15mg/kg and 20mg/kg body weight. Each rat was picked with a hand towel and administeredadequate dosages using the oro-gastric tube. After experimentation,
animals were sacrificed by cervical dislocation while 4mL of blood was collected from the cardiac region for liver and kidney function test. The corresponding parameters were assayed with a spectrophotometer at varying wavelengths. The liver
and kidney were excised, grossedand processed histologically.Sections were cut at 3 5um and stained according to H&E method. Sections were examined using Swift(R) binocular microscope with an in built light system and photographed with an Olympus
photomicroscope. Data were presented as Means ± SD and analyzed with one way ANOVA and Duncan post hoc test whiletest of significance was set at p <0.05 withSPSS version 16. All animals showed signs of partial anorexia, dullness and
developed reduced activities but were pronounced in high dose treated rats (C and D) for the 30 days treatment. High dose treated ratslost more weight than those on lesser treatment regime while the control gained more weight. All parameters (K, Na, CL, HC03, urea and creatinine) for renal profile were within normal range. They were significantly expressed (P ≤ 0.003) across all groupsincluding liver function test (TB, CB, TP, ALB, AST, ALT and ALP)indices (P ≤ 0.05). No variation in colouration by
gross examination while and histopathology findings were in keeping with normal histology of the liver and kidney. From the results so far,sodium nitrate has no deleterious effects on histology of the visceral organs studied but daily intake abuse of
the salt particularly in a large concentration may be injurious to human health
However,health concerns relating to cancer andleukaemia have not been ruled out. Therefore, this project was to examine histological changes inliver and kidney of white rats treated withsodium nitrate salt. Other objectives were to determine its
effects on liver enzymes, and electrolytes and urea.Twenty (20) in-bred white rats of both sexes, aged: 2-4 months and weighed 160-200g were randomly picked to form five (5) groups (n=4) labeled A to D as test while E served as control. Rats were
housed in plastic cages with saw dust as beddings and acclimatize for 2 weeksat temperature (25±5ºC), humidity (54-59%) and periodicity (12:12hrs) in a clean environment while Standard top feed® and water were provided regularly. Five gram
(5g) of nitrate salt was measured with a weighing balance into a sterile conical flask while 1L of distilled water was added with a standard measuring cylinder and agitated vigorously with the GFL shaker for 5minutes until all dissolved. Rats in groups A to
D were treated orally for 30days at 2days interval in this order: 5mg/kg, 10mg/kg, 15mg/kg and 20mg/kg body weight. Each rat was picked with a hand towel and administeredadequate dosages using the oro-gastric tube. After experimentation,
animals were sacrificed by cervical dislocation while 4mL of blood was collected from the cardiac region for liver and kidney function test. The corresponding parameters were assayed with a spectrophotometer at varying wavelengths. The liver
and kidney were excised, grossedand processed histologically.Sections were cut at 3 5um and stained according to H&E method. Sections were examined using Swift(R) binocular microscope with an in built light system and photographed with an Olympus
photomicroscope. Data were presented as Means ± SD and analyzed with one way ANOVA and Duncan post hoc test whiletest of significance was set at p <0.05 withSPSS version 16. All animals showed signs of partial anorexia, dullness and
developed reduced activities but were pronounced in high dose treated rats (C and D) for the 30 days treatment. High dose treated ratslost more weight than those on lesser treatment regime while the control gained more weight. All parameters (K, Na, CL, HC03, urea and creatinine) for renal profile were within normal range. They were significantly expressed (P ≤ 0.003) across all groupsincluding liver function test (TB, CB, TP, ALB, AST, ALT and ALP)indices (P ≤ 0.05). No variation in colouration by
gross examination while and histopathology findings were in keeping with normal histology of the liver and kidney. From the results so far,sodium nitrate has no deleterious effects on histology of the visceral organs studied but daily intake abuse of
the salt particularly in a large concentration may be injurious to human health
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