OYEWUMI GBENGA SAMUEL

Herbal mixtures are widely consumed in Nigeria for their perceived therapeutic benefits, yet concerns about microbial safety, particularly fungal contamination, persist. This study investigated the fungal load and diversity of herbal mixtures sold at selected markets in Benin City, Edo State. A total of 20 samples (powder, liquid, and paste formulations) were collected from Uselu, New Benin, and Ring Road markets. Fungal isolation was performed using Sabouraud Dextrose Agar, and identification was based on cultural and microscopic characteristics. Antifungal sensitivity was assessed by incorporating herbal mixtures into culture media. Results showed that 65% of samples were contaminated, with fungal loads ranging from 3.08 ×10³ to 1.72 × 10⁶ CFU/ml. The predominant isolates were Mucor (20%), Fusarium (20%), Aspergillus niger (15%), and Penicillium (10%). Powdered samples showed the highest contamination levels, while Ring Road samples recorded the least growth. Antifungal assays revealed only partial inhibitory effects at high concentrations (3000 mg), indicating limited intrinsic antifungal activity of the herbal mixtures tested. These findings highlight significant fungal contamination in locally sold herbal mixtures, with potential public health risks including opportunistic infections and mycotoxin exposure. Stronger regulation, quality control, and public health awareness are recommended to improve the safety of herbal medicines in Benin City.