Journal Article

The effects of blue light on human eyes, particularly from Light-emitting diode (LED) sources such as televisions, phones, and laptops, have been extensively studied to understand its implications. This review evaluates the advantages and disadvantages of blue-light exposure to the eyes, synthesizing findings from over 75 published works accessed through PubMed, Google Scholar, and Mendeley Reference Library. Blue light plays a vital role in night vision, colour discrimination, and non-visual physiological processes. It activates melanopsinphotopigments, essential for regulating melatonin, circadian rhythms, mood, memory, pupillary reflex, locomotor activity, and body temperature. However, exposure to the narrow blue-violet wavelength range (435±20 nm) can induce retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cell apoptosis. Prolonged exposure disrupts sleep-wake cycles, accelerates RPE cell degeneration, increases retinal cellular acidity, contributes to cataract formation, and causes digital eye strain. While blue light is not entirely harmful, prolonged and unregulated exposure poses health risks. Protective strategies include using blue-light filters, intraocular lenses that block blue light and blue-blocking spectacles, which can mitigate digital eye strain and phototoxic retinal damage. Also, antioxidants may counteract oxidative stress caused by blue light. The findings underscore the need for longitudinal studies to better understand the long-term risks and benefits of blue-light exposure and to develop targeted interventions for safeguarding visual health.

Introduction: Gas flaring is a vital environmental issue that has a negative influence on health of population that host natural gases and oil wells. Exacerbated risk of abnormal outcomes for pregnant women and newborn babies are of great concern in maternal and child health. The researchers aimed to examine how gas flaring impact acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS) in women that were pregnant and newborn babies. Materials and methods: A descriptive cross-sectional survey involving 483 pregnant women of reproductive age, antenatal caregivers and healthcare professionals at health facilities in Delta State Central Senatorial District. Using a multi-stage random sampling technique, a structured survey questionnaire was used to collect respondents’ RDS experiences and that of their new borne. Data were statistically analysed with the use of SPSS. Significant level was considered at P<0.05 Results: Among the 326 children recruited, 205 (42.4%) had experienced respiratory distress. Of the 483 women, 54% suffered from respiratory disease and 33% of the children had been admitted for respiratory distress on a weekly basis. While the age, educational level, gender, and marital status of women were not significant statistically with having children experiencing RDS, bearing children was statistically significant (P<0.001). Health professional reported that developing severe lung infection, release of black carbon and asthma sufferers were major risk factors to RDS. Conclusion: Findings showed that there was an increased prevalence of RDS among the study sub-population. RDS contributes more to cardiovascular disease and diabetes, hence it is important to address this public health issue

The effects of blue light on human eyes, particularly from Light-emitting diode (LED) sources such as televisions, phones, and laptops, have been extensively studied to understand its implications. This review evaluates the advantages and disadvantages of blue-light exposure to the eyes, synthesizing findings from over 75 published works accessed through PubMed, Google Scholar, and Mendeley Reference Library. Blue light plays a vital role in night vision, colour discrimination, and non-visual physiological processes. It activates melanopsinphotopigments, essential for regulating melatonin, circadian rhythms, mood, memory, pupillary reflex, locomotor activity, and body temperature. However, exposure to the narrow blue-violet wavelength range (435±20 nm) can induce retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cell apoptosis. Prolonged exposure disrupts sleep-wake cycles, accelerates RPE cell degeneration, increases retinal cellular acidity, contributes to cataract formation, and causes digital eye strain. While blue light is not entirely harmful, prolonged and unregulated exposure poses health risks. Protective strategies include using blue-light filters, intraocular lenses that block blue light and blue-blocking spectacles, which can mitigate digital eye strain and phototoxic retinal damage. Also, antioxidants may counteract oxidative stress caused by blue light. The findings underscore the need for longitudinal studies to better understand the long-term risks and benefits of blue-light exposure and to develop targeted interventions for safeguarding visual health.

The eyes like every other organ of the body, are biochemical elements that respond to both helpful or harmful biochemical stimuli leading to either a healthy or pathological state. Anaemia, antioxidant vitamin deficiencies and visual impairment (VI) are public health problems resulting in poor eye health globally. This study aimed to determine the relationship among anaemia, antioxidant vitamins and VI as well as the effect of antioxidant vitamins and iron supplements on visual acuity and anaemia. A pretest-posttest study of 201 respondents randomly selected from primary and secondary schools in three senatorial districts of Delta State, Nigeria. Sociodemographic data and visual acuity tests were done before and after intervention. Preventive intervention with a single dose of vitamin A, daily Vitamin C, weekly vitamin E, and twice weekly ferrous sulphate supplements was administered for five weeks. Spectacle prescriptions were administered to correct refractive errors (RE). Pretest-posttest haemoglobin and serum vitamins ACE were done using JENWAY 6320D Spectrophotometer. Data were analysed using SPSS version 28.0. Statistical significance was defined as P< 0.05. Findings showed that 83 (41.3%) were males and 118 (58.7%) were females with a mean age of 12.30± 3.14 years. Prevalence of anaemia and VI at baseline was 38.3% and 28.9% respectively, and 0% and 5.5% post-intervention respectively. Prevalence of vitamins A and C at baseline was 12.4% and 12.9% respectively, and post-intervention was 6.0% and 15.9% respectively. Prevalence of vitamin E at baseline and post-intervention was 0.0% respectively. RE was the major cause of VI with a prevalence of 23.4%. The association between visual impairment at baseline and impaired vision with spectacle prescription intervention was statistically significant (P=0.001). The correlation of anaemia, vitamins ACE and VI were not statistically significant (P>0.05). Odd ratios of vitamins ACE and iron supplements were predicted to decrease the risk of having anaemia and VI, though not statistically significant (P>0.05). This study showed that antioxidant vitamins and iron supplementation as well as spectacle prescription were effective in reducing the prevalence of anaemia, antioxidant vitamin deficiencies and visual impairment among primary and secondary school children in Delta State.

Background: Dyslipidemia, characterized by abnormal blood lipid levels, is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, contributing to an estimated 4.2 million deaths and disabilities globally. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and factors associated with dyslipidemia among undergraduate students of Wellspring University, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 107 undergraduates (aged 16–40 years; mean age 20.33 ± 4.14 years) at Wellspring University using purposive sampling. Sociodemographic data were collected via self-administered questionnaires. Total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), and lowdensity lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) were analyzed using a Spectrumlab MF-21D spectrophotometer. Data were analyzed with IBM-SPSS version 23.0 at p < 0.05 significance level. Results: Of the participants, 80 (74.8%) were females, and the overall prevalence of dyslipidemia was 59.8%. Prevalence of abnormal TC, HDL-C, and LDL-C were 9.3%, 52.3%, and 14.9%, respectively. There were significant associations between age and TC; access to affordable healthy food and HDL; hours of weekly physical activities and LDL (P < 0.05) respectively. Conclusion: Dyslipidemia prevalence was high among subjects. Age, physical activities and healthy food intake significantly influenced dyslipidemia. Promoting physical exercise, and healthy food consumption including fruit and vegetable may reduce dyslipidemia risk

Objectives: Colour vision deficiency (CVD) is a suggested risk factor in road traffic injuries and deaths globally. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of CVD and associated socio-demographic characteristics (SDCs) among commercial motor vehicle drivers in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria. Methods: A cross-sectional study of 341 commercial motor-vehicle drivers aged ≥ 20 years in Benin City Metropolis using a purposive sampling technique. Socio-demographic data were collected using a selfadministered questionnaire. Colour vision was assessed using Ishihara pseudochromatic colour plates. Data was analysed using IBM-SPSS version 29.0 and presented in tables and charts. Statistical significance was considered at P < 0.05. Results: A total of 341 commercial drivers participated in the study. Males were 326 (95.6%), and females were 15 (4.4%). The prevalence of CVD was 9.6% (8.8% males and 0.8% females). Deuteronomaly was the major type of CVD. The age group 41-50 years, having a prevalence of 3.8% was the most affected. The prevalence of CVD increased with an increase in years of driving experience. The association between CVD and SDCs such as age groups, educational status, and years of driving experience, was not statistically significant (P >0.05). Conclusion: The prevalence of CVD among drivers in this study was significant, and this could exacerbate road traffic accidents due to the inability to detect traffic signals and other road signs while driving. Routine colour vision assessment of drivers is recommended before issuance of driver’s license and relicensing

This paper sets out to examines the ontological meaning of life based on the relationship that exists among the Nigerian citizens, government and its law enforcement agents. Down through the ages the scenario created by the Nigerian government and its law enforcement agencies in the careless mishandling of the citizens they swore to protect with their positions is becoming a terrific and an imaginable phenomenon. The insensitive mishandling of the citizens as low breed animals has forced people to ask whether life in Nigeria is a right or a privilege. The government and its law enforcement agencies in Nigeria are now playing God/assume the position of God when dealing with the citizens; because they decide who to live or die at times without crime. This paper observes that in Nigeria, fundamental human rights exist in shadow and utopic impression of false hope. The absolute disregard for the fundamental human rights in Nigeria has led to man in humanity to man in the country, insecurity, corruption, outright injustice, and mass exodus of the citizens to foreign lands where life is more secured. This paper will adopt a historical and phenomenological methodology in order to examine the issue at hand with historical facts, references and without bias. The work will attempt to make some recommendations on how to navigate out of this uncivilized and barbaric system we presently find ourselves in the 21st century

Purpose: In the discussion about landmark achievements of primary healthcare (PHC) in Nigeria, health promotion regarding respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in maternal child health (MCH) is considered to be limited. The objective is to determine the landmark achievements in Nigeria with a view to identify health promotion needs. Methods: This followed a critical narrative review approach. The critical literature search method was adopted as a systematic approach failed to yield any article that satisfies selection criteria, after applying all intended inclusion criteria. Search engines included Google and PubMed as well as government and organizational documents. Major evaluation was 10 years landmark achievement of Alma Ata on MCH program in Nigeria. Results: There has been fluctuation and relatively slowed % rate of reduction in maternal mortality. Infant mortality has remained higher than national death rate, hence it is encouraging that Nigeria Mini-Review Article Akuirene et al.; IJRRGY, 4(1): 129-139, 2021; Article no.IJRRGY.73663 130 adopted in 2016 Every Newborn Tracking Tool of the Global Strategy progress monitoring. However, no study has focused on RDS in MCH with regards to impact of gas flaring in Delta State. Conclusion: In the goal of achieving health for all emerged the Alma Ata Declaration on primary healthcare (PHC) being endorsed. Although, report is pending with regards to how much of the goals have been unachieved, major finding is dearth of data regarding MCH program in relation to gas flaring or the associated RDS. Studies

This research paper investigated the effectiveness of the use of different Moringa oleifera coagulants for the removal of turbidity, bacteria, and natural organic matter (NOM) from natural surface water using laboratory experiment. In the laboratory study water sample with turbidity of 64NTU was analysed and treated with the three coagulants produced from the Moringa oleifera seed namely: the shell- blended (without oil extraction) seed powder, de-oiled seed powder and the purified protein (polymer) powder. Jar test was conducted to determine the optimum dosages of the coagulant needed in the treatment of raw surface water using the three different coagulants as named above. The concentration of the dose selected for the jar tests were; 30mg/l, 50mg/l, 70mg/l, 90mg/l, 100mg/l and 120mg/l for all three coagulants. The optimum dosages for the shell- blended, de-oiled seed powder and the purified protein powder were found to be 100mg/l, 100mg/l and 90mg/l respectively. After treatment with the optimum coagulant dosage, the water samples were analysed for different physiochemical parameters such as the pH, total solids, turbidity, alkalinity, MPN and SPC. Protein powder had the highest turbidity removal efficiency with a percentage turbidity removal of 92.3% followed by de-oiled powder with a percentage turbidity removal of 83.25% and shell blended powder with a percentage turbidity removal of 75.68% at optimal dosage. The total coliform present in the raw water sample which was measured quantitatively was beyond the W.H.O limit. All three coagulants were able to reduce the total coliforms to a level which conforms to the standard set by the W.H.O. Protein polymer powder had the highest reduction efficiency at optimal dosage followed by the de-oiled powder which was then followed by shellblended coagulant powder. This study has shown that Moringa oleifera seeds are highly effective in the reduction of the turbidity and faecal coliforms of turbid surface water. In the overall investigations, the results obtained were seen to be comparable to inorganic coagulants of alum and ferric chloride. The use of Moringa oleifera coagulant in combination with alum and ferric chloride showed that reduced usage of inorganic salts to an average of 60% could be achieved. Bactericidal activity seemed to be evident through analysis of E.coli viability in the water and sludge treated by the Moringa oleifera coagulant. Moringa oleifera seed extract was found to have no significant effect on pH or alkalinity of the water. The residual turbidities measured during most of the test runs were seen to satisfy Guideline for Drinking Water Supplies. Findings of this research paper lend support to earlier works recommending the use of Moringa oleifera as alternative natural material for water treatment. Keywords: Moringa Oleifera Seed Extract, (Shell-Blended, De-Oiled Powder, Purified Protein (Polymer) Powder), Optimum Dosages, Total Solids, Turbidity, Alkalinity

Produced water is the largest volume of by-product generated during oil and gas recovery operations. Its contact with crude oil during extraction, results to the presence of high hydrocarbon content in it. Improper disposal of this produced water to the environment could cause hazardous effects. The objectives of this research are; to determine the mix bacteria population present in the produced water sample, to characterize, identify and isolate the hydrocarbon degrading bacteria found in the sample, and to cultivate a pure bacteria culture to degrade the hydrocarbon content of the sample. Five (5) hydrocarbon degrading bacteria such as: E. Coli, Micrococus Letus, Staphylococcus Aureus, Basillus Substilis and Pseudomonas Aeruginosa were identified in the mix bacteria population, the hydrocarbon degrading bacteria with the highest population (which is Staphylococcus Aureus) was used for the pure bacteria culture using oil agar medium method. After its cultivation, a concentration of cell per ml was used as a bio-stimulant to degrade the hydrocarbons in the sample. The initial total petroleum hydrocarbon content calculated in the sample was 125.513mg/l, after its incubation period of 15 days using the pure bacteria culture, the value of the hydrocarbon contents was then calculated and found to be 84.527mg/l. Thus, the hydrocarbon content removal efficiency in the sample of 425ml volume was calculated to be 32.655%. It is therefore recommended that for more efficient result, a mix hydrocarbon degrading bacteria culture of the listed hydrocarbon degrading bacteria should be used to carry out the experiment, which can produce 98% biodegradation according to the other researchers. In conclusion, the finding provides knowledge of hydrocarbon degradation bacteria present in the sample.