DEPARTMENT OF PHILOSOPHY

The late 19th century introduced an important direction towards ethics which made
the art of Philosophy more pragmatic than theoretical. For the foremost part, this sort of
pragmatism was not stereotypical and stream-lined to human values and actions owards
each other, but human values and actions towards the natural environment. This extension of ethics to nature, led to the tenets of environmental philosophy, which during the course of philosophical history, have had its place as an implication or consequence of a particular philosophical argument; for example, the Greek Philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle hinted on nature as a result of their philosophical doctrines. Plato saw nature as a photocopy of an ideal, that is, natural entities were seen as imitations of the real in the
world of forms. Aristotle, who adopted a more realistic system of thought, opines that
nature fulfills its design and become aesthetically valuable when it serves the purpose of
man’s utility for which it was created.

The concept of Euthanasia has been a controversial topic since its inception. Theword 'Euthanasia' is derived from two Greek word, 'Eu' meaning 'good' and 'thanatos' meaning 'death', put together it means 'good death'. Euthanasia has been definedas ‘thebringing about of a gentle and easy death for someone suffering froman incurableandpainful disease or in an irreversible coma’ (Pearsall & Trumble, 1996). Usually, ‘euthanasia’is defined in a broad sense, encompassing all decisions (of doctors or others) intendedtohasten or to bring about the death of a person (by act or omission) in order to prevent or tolimit the suffering of that person (whether or not on his or her request) (Gevers, 1996)

This project begins by highlighting human rights as a special category of human existence/protection. A historical overview then outlines conceptual roots in early Igbo traditional society. This project answer the question “question where there human rights in Africa traditional society? A study of the Igbo of Nigeria” This project will tell you the overview story of how human right where protected during the traditional time using the Igbo people of Nigeria as a study in this topic.

A key component of morality or what tends to be moral has become quite contentious and topical in the 21st century due to the ever increasing number of persons who are involved in some same relationship or marriage. The 21st century has witnessed a rapid increase on the concepts of marriage that calls for gender neutrality rather than gender specification. There are so many philosophical (favorable and others against) arguments about the practice of same-sex marriage, ranging from religious, cultural, legal, and political grounds. Supporters pose that there is nothing immoral or abstract about it as long as it backed by the human rights doctrine. This work adopts the analytical methodology to rresearch into extant statutes vis-a-vis African traditional ethical values on marriage/family. The work discovers that whereas in western consideration, the concept of same-sex marriage contradicts the law (since the statutory definition of marriage has not been abdicated); and that, the concept contravenes the norms and ethical values of traditional Africa. Besides, this study will serve as an additional study material on the issue of same-sexmarriage, its ethical values if there is and its effect on modern day society. Hence the work suggests that concerning same-sex unions, the law should be silent; i.e., same sex relationships should not be outlawed– for persons have the right to freedom of association; nor should it be legalized– for it will introduce a burden on the law to develop its principles of such marriage. By and large, same-sex relationship offends
the basic moral ideal of human rational power higher and over bestiality.

This project explores Mary Wollstonecraft’s notion of women empowerment as articulated in her landmark work, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman and of ersahilosophical critique of its strengths and limitations. Wollstonecraft argued that women
are rational beings endowed with reason and virtue, and thus deserve equal access to education and opportunities as men. For her, education was the foundation of empowerment, enabling women to escape dependency, achieve moral autonomy, and
contribute to the social and political fabric of society. By framing women as active moral agents rather than passive ornaments, she challenged the patriarchal norms of her time and laid the groundwork for modern feminist thought. Nevertheless, her ideas were also shaped by the constraints of Enlightenment rationalism and her social context. Critics argue that her emphasis on reason reduced empowerment to assimilation into male- defined ideals, overlooking the value of emotion, care, and diference. Wollstonecraft often justified education for women in instrumental terms, linking it to their roles as wives and mothers rather than affirming it as an intrinsic right. Her focus also reflected a largely Eurocentric and middle-class orientation. This critique, therefore, evaluates her enduring contributions while highlighting the need for more inclusive, intersectional perspectives

This project begins by highlighting human rights as a special category of human existence/protection. A historical overview then outlines conceptual roots in early Igbo traditional society. This project answers the question of whether there are human rights in an African society. A study of the Igbo of Nigeria. This project will tell you the overview story of how human right where protected during traditional time using the Igbo people of Nigeria as a study in this topic.

What if the unfolding of history, thought and spirit is not merely guided by dialectical necessity but by an aesthetic logic, a determinism rooted in form, structure, and beauty? This study explores aesthetic determinism as an essential yet often overlooked dimension of idealism using Hegelian idealism as a case in question. It explores the intersection of aesthetic determinism and Hegelian idealism, examining how the structural necessity of aesthetic forms influences the unfolding of absolute spirit drawing from neoplatonic emanation and it’s conceptual parallels to Hegel’s dialectic ascent, this work proposes a synthesis wherein deterministic principles guide historical and metaphysical development rather than oppose it. While determinism is often seen as antithetical to Hegelian freedom, We argue that the dialectic itself unfolds according to an aesthetic logic, where form and necessity converge. This work thus contributes to contemporary debates in idealism, metaphysics and the philosophy of history, offering a novel framework in which aesthetic determinism is not a limitation but an essential aspect of the self-unfolding of the absolute

This project begins by highlighting human rights as a special category of human existence/protection. A historical overview then outlines conceptual roots in early Igbo traditional society. This project answer the question “question where there human rights in Africa traditional society? A study of the Igbo of Nigeria” This project will tell you the overview story of how human right where protected during the traditional time using the Igbo people of Nigeria as a study in this topic.

This research critically examines Mogobe Bernard Ramose’s interpretation of Ubuntu as a foundational element of African philosophy. Ubuntu, often summarized as "I am because we are," emphasizes communal existence, interdependence, and human dignity. Ramose presents Ubuntu not only as a cultural ethic but as a legitimate philosophical framework capable of addressing both African and global socio-political issues. This work explores his arguments, highlighting how Ubuntu challenges dominant Western notions of individualism and rationalism. It also interrogates the limitations of Ramose’s position, especially regarding its applicability in contemporary, multicultural, and technologically advanced societies. By engaging with both supportive and critical perspectives, the study seeks to offer a balanced evaluation of Ubuntu’s relevance in modern philosophical discourse. Ultimately, the project argues that while Ramose’s articulation is valuable, Ubuntu must evolve to remain effective in addressing present-day challenges. The study contributes to the broader effort of decolonizing philosophy and promoting indigenous knowledge systems within academic spaces.

Marriage and the family constitute the foundation of social organization and cultural continuity in every society. Among the Meta people of Cameroon, marriage is not merely a union between two individuals but a communal and cultural institution that upholds traditional values, kinship ties, and social responsibilities. This study, titled “Marriage and the Family: A Critical Study of Marital Rights among the Meta of Cameroon,” critically examines the nature, scope, and implications of marital rights and obligations as practiced within the Meta community. The research explores how marital rights such as dowry, inheritance, child custody, and the roles of spouses reflect the cultural norms and gender dynamics of the Meta people. Using a qualitative approach that combines ethnographic observation and oral interviews, the study analyzes how traditional beliefs interact with modern legal and religious perspectives on marriage. It also investigates the impact of social change, globalization, and Christianity on the traditional marital system of the Meta. The findings reveal both the enduring strength of Meta customs and the emerging challenges that threaten the stability of family structures. The study concludes that understanding marital 10 rights within their cultural context is essential for promoting gender equity, social harmony, and cultural preservation in the Meta society.