DEPARMENT OF CROP SCIENCE

This study evaluated the effect of aqueous neem (Azadirachta indica) and garlic (Allium sativum) extracts on Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) infestation in maize (Zea mays) at the Teaching and Research Farm, Department of Crop Science, University of Benin. The experiment was conducted using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) comprising four treatments: neem extract, garlic extract, neem + garlic extract, and a control, each replicated three times. Data were collected weekly on infestation incidence, larval abundance, and damage severity using the Davis and Williams (1992) visual rating scale. Results showed no significant differences (p > 0.05) among treatments across all sampling periods. However, slight numerical reductions in infestation and damage were observed in the neem and garlic treatments compared to the control. The limited effectiveness recorded may be attributed to environmental factors such as rainfall, temperature, and sunlight, which reduced the persistence of the extracts, as well as the
use of aqueous formulations that typically degrade quickly under field conditions. The combination of neem and garlic did not produce any synergistic effect. The study concludes that although neem and garlic extracts offer mild suppressive activity against Fall Armyworm, they are insufficient as stand-alone control options under field conditions. Their use is therefore recommended as part of an integrated pest management (IPM) strategy alongside cultural and biological control methods for more effective and sustainable Fall Armyworm management in maize production

Dioscorea alata L. and Dioscorea rotundata Poir remain the most widely cultivated yam
species in the tropics, where yam is a major food and income crop. However, the
availability of clean, affordable, and disease-free seed yam is still a major constraint to
production. This study evaluated the growth performance and seed tuber yield of
minitubers generated from vine cuttings and yam minisetts across several yam cultivars. For the minituber experiment, improved cultivarsAkuabata, Vayam, Asiedu, Favourite and Super were used, while the minisett trial included Abakaliki 1, Abakaliki 2, Benin Local, Igiowa 1 and Igiowa 2. Both experiments were arranged using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Vine cuttings taken from the minituber plants were also used to examine the influence of four locally available potting media (sawdust, rice hull, grass, and corn cob) on the establishment and yield of minitubers under semi-autotrophic hydroponic conditions, using a Completely
Randomized Design (CRD). Seed yam yield per plant ranged from 267 g in Super to 467g in Asiedu in the minituber experiment, while minisett yield ranged from 200 g in
Abakaliki 1 to 717 g in Igiowa 1. Multiplication ratios were substantially higher in the
minituber system (1:46–1:75) compared to the minisett method (1:1.3–1:3.8). In the vine- cutting experiment, sawdust produced the highest survival rate (68%), followed by rice hull, grass, and corn cob. Overall, the study demonstrates that minitubers produced from vine cuttings represent a promising and efficient approach for generating high-quality seed yam in Dioscorea spp. Furthermore, readily available potting materials455565T45R such as sawdust, rice hull, and grass can be effectively used in humidity chambers for minituber production.

This study investigated the shelf life and viability of Trichoderma harzianum formulated
with various carrier combinations to enhance its potential as a sustainable biocontrol
agent. Formulations were prepared using different ratios of corn cob and spent mushroom substrate (4:1 and 1:1) respectively, combined with clay and cassava starch. The viability of T. harzianum spores was monitored monthly over a five-month storage period under room temperature conditions (15–35 °C) by determining colony-forming units (CFU/g) on potato dextrose agar. The experiment was subjected to Completely Randomized Design (CRD) and data was analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) at a 5% significance level. Results revealed that the media type had a highly significant effect (p < 0.001) on spore viability across all months, while concentration and substrate × concentration were non-significant. The formulation containing a 1:1 mixture of corn cob and spent mushroom substrate supplemented with clay and cassava starch consistently produced the highest CFU/g values throughout the storage period, indicating superior shelf stability. Conversely, formulations with higher corn cob ratios (4:1) showed reduced viability. Overall, the inclusion of starch improved moisture retention and nutrient availability, slowing the decline in spore viability over time. The study concludes that a balanced organic–inorganic matrix enriched with starch provides an optimal carrier system for maintaining the viability of T. harzianum during storage, thereby enhancing its suitability for large-scale biocontrol applications.

The proliferation of Urban Agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa is occurring due to the surging population, which has led to a demand for alternative crop cultivation methods. Consequently, there is a necessity to cultivate yams in containers as a means to enhance food security. Hence, a study was carried out to evaluate the effect of different combinations of garden soil and poultry manure potting media on the growth and yield of four cultivars of yam (Dioscorea spp.). The study was carried out in containers (cement bags) in a field plot in Benin City, Nigeria. The treatments included: (i) garden soil alone (1:0), (ii) one part garden soil and one part poultry manure (1:1), (iii) two parts garden soil and one part poultry manure (2:1), while four cultivars of yam including white yam (Ada Onitsha and Fakasa), water yam
and yellow yam were used. The experiment was a 3 × 4 factorial laid out as a Completely Randomized Design with three replicates. At nine weeks after planting, data was collected and recorded. At four months after planting harvest was done for only one cultivar (ada onitsha). The data collected was subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to test the significance of the treatment means using Genstat Statistical Package. The results indicated that there were no significant differences observed in the growth characteristics of the different potting media. However, significant cultivar differences were observed in number of vines, leaf area, number of leaves, stem girth, and petiole length. The potting media treatments showed significant differences in tuber length, tuber girth, and tuber yield per bag with 2:1 garden soil and poultry manure producing the highest tuber yield per bag(1.47kg) while (1:1) and (1:0) produced (0.50kg) and (0.47kg) respectively. Therefore, the combination of garden soil and poultry manure with a ratio of 2:1 would be suitable for cultivating yam in containers.

The term ‘maize’ seems to be derived from the word ‘mahiz’ of Taino language of the Caribbean islands, which became ‘maiz’ in Spanish (Oxford dictionary 2015). Based on this common name, Linnaeus included the name as species in the botanical classification of Zea. Maize is also popularly known as ‘corn’ in English-speaking countries. In some countries, ‘corn’ means the ‘local staple’, while in some others it is used for any ‘cereal’. The ear of maize is unique among cereals, and morphologically similar wild progenitor of maize could not be found. Therefore, its evolution has been a great scientific challenge and of great interest for both biologists and archaeologists. Many hypotheses/theories have been proposed by different scientists to explain the origin of maize. Among them, (1) tripartite hypothesis, (2) catastrophic sexual transmutation theory, (3) Tripsacum-Zea diploperennis hypothesis, and, (4) teosinte hypothesis were debated and discussed in detail by different scientists.

Dialium guineense fruit is an important tropical fruit which faces substantial post-harvest losses and food safety concerns due to microbial contamination. This study investigated microorganisms associated with the shell, pulp and seed of D. guineense to determine infection rates, identify microbial species (fungal and bacterial) and assess their diversity. The research was conducted at the media preparation room of the Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Benin, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria. Three (3) fruit parts were studied: Shell, pulp and seed on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) and Nutrient Agar (NA) laid out in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with six (6) replications. It involved evaluating infection percentages, sub-culturing and identification based on cultural, morphological and biochemical characteristics. Results showed a 100% infection rate across all fruit parts except one (1) replicate which had a 75% infection rate, indicating significant microbial pressure. A wide variety of fungal and bacterial species was observed, with specific microbial adaptations per fruit part. Pathogenic bacteria, including Shigella sp. and Bacillus cereus, were identified, posing potential health risks, alongside Aspergillus and Fusarium species. This study confirms the fruit's vulnerability to widespread microbial contamination. Findings underscore the critical necessity for improved safety measures against Aspergillus and Fusarium contamination, while identifying promising opportunities to utilize Saccharomyces sp. for industrial processing and seed extracts for natural preservation

The study was conducted at the screen house of the Experimental Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Benin, Benin City. Four different potting media sources: Top soil (TS ), Rice husk (RS ), Poultry manure (PM ) and Oil Palm Refuse Bunch (OPRB ), were used as substrate. The objective of the study was to determine the appropriate potting medium the for the growth and yield of Fluted pumpkin (Telferia occidentalis ) . The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. Data was collected on plant height , stem girth , number of leaves ,leaf length , leaf girth, leaf area , dry weight, moisture content and herbage yield. Results obtained after six (6 )weeks showed that Potting media had significant (p < 0.05 ) effect on growth characters. Plants in top soil and Rice husk media exhibited better growth performance than poultry manure and oil palm refuse bunch. Herbage yield , dry and moisture content of fluted pumpkin were significant ( p < 0.05 ) by potting media . Plants solved in top soil had the highest herbage yield which was similar with rice husk plants . Plants in top soil , rice husk and oil palm refuse bunch had comparable values. There was no yield for poultry manure plants as the plants withered immediately after four ( 4 ) weeks after sowing . Top soil potting media is thereby suggested for fluted pumpkin growers due it's ease of availability, handling and also had 12 % herbage yield advantage over rice husk.

Maize (Zea mays) is one of the most important cereal crop worldwide. It contains starch, proteins, fibers, oils, and sugars. It plays a significant role in human and livestock nutrition. Nitrogen (N) is essential for crop growth and yield. The most common sources of nitrogen are NPK and urea. However, consistent usage of these inorganic fertilizers can have adverse effects on the soil which includes soil acidification, reduced soil microorganisms, alteration of soil PH, which in turn can affect the soil fertility. This has made it essential to utilize organic fertilizers like plant residues, which can improve soil fertility without causing damage to the soil. Chromolaena odorata (L.) shows promise in boosting plant nutrient levels as mulch. Hence, this study is aimed to assess the agronomic performance of maize fertilized with C. odorata. The trial was conducted at the Faculty of Agriculture Teaching and Research Farm, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) replicated four times. The treatment involved the use of four rates of freshly cut C. odorata leaf residues (0, 1, 3, 5 kg m-2). The variables studied were plant height, cob yield, grain yield and stover yield. Maize plant height and cob, grain and stover yields increased with increase in the levels of C. odorata plant residues (0-5 kg m-2). Based on the present
study, C. odorata residues has potential for use as a mulch in improving maize yield and soil quality.

A study was conducted to compare yield of some fruit variables of Ghana and Nigeria coconuts. The main objective was to compare coconut oil yield between Nigeria and Ghana coconut types. The experiment also evaluated five key variables namely, weight of coconut, water, shell, copra and oil content. Standard pressing method was applied and, in the process, shell and copra were extracted, blended, sieved before oil was finally extracted through heating. The data collected were analyzed using T-test at 5% level of significance. The results shows that coconut and shell were significantly different with Nigeria coconut producing higher values of 557g and 400g in copra and shell variables respectively. The other variables did not differ between the coconut types. Furthermore, Nigerian coconut had a higher value of crude protein and oil whereas Ghana coconut
surpassed Nigeria coconut in all other variables. In conclusion, Nigeria coconut was better (p<_ 0.05) than Ghana coconut, shell and copra variables whereas all other variables were similar

This study investigated the shelf life and viability of Trichoderma harzianum formulated with various carrier combinations to enhance its potential as a sustainable biocontrol agent. Formulations were prepared using different ratios of corn cob and spent mushroom substrate (4:1 and 1:1) respectively, combined with clay and cassava starch. The viability of T. harzianum spores was monitored monthly over a five-month storage period under room temperature conditions (15–35 °C) by determining colony-forming units (CFU/g) on potato dextrose agar. The experiment was subjected to Completely Randomized Design (CRD) and data was analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) at a 5% significance level. Results revealed that the media type had a highly significant effect (p< 0.001) on spore viability across all months, while concentration and substrate × concentration were non-significant. The formulation containing a 1:1 mixture of corn cob and spent mushroom substrate supplemented with clay and cassava starch consistently produced the highest CFU/g values throughout the storage period, indicating superior shelf stability. onversely, formulations with higher corn cob ratios (4:1) showed reduced viability. Overall, the inclusion of starch improved moisture retention and nutrient availability, slowing the decline in spore viability over time. The study concludes that a balanced organic–inorganic matrix enriched with starch provides an optimal carrier system for maintaining the viability of T. harzianum during storage, thereby enhancing its suitability for large-scale biocontrol applications.