HEAVY METAL, PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL INVESTIGATION OF GROUNDWATER AT UPPER SAKPONBA COMMUNITY OF BENIN CITY, SOUTHERN NIGERIA
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Abstract
To determine the extent of physicochemical concentrations in the research area, a groundwater quality evaluation was conducted in Edo State's Ikpoba Okha LGA. Fifteen (15) boreholes were randomly selected from the study region and their physicochemical characteristics were examined. This study also used statistical and cluster analysis techniques. The most significant
component of the cluster analysis is the Dendrogram, which showed the Euclidean distance level at which a combination of elements and clusters was present. Four clusters were found, and Cluster 1, which is primarily composed of heavy metals, showed correlation and similarities among the relevant parameters. Among the parameters that were looked at were the water
sample's pH, turbidity, TDS, electrical conductivity, salinity, and TSS. An atomic absorption spectrometer was used to identify heavy metals and cations, such as Na, K, Ca, and Mg, whereas
sulphate, phosphate, nitrate, and carbonates were detected as anions. The results of the study indicated that the water samples had a pH range of 5.28 to 5.98, indicating that they were acidic. The research region's pH ranged from 4.51 to 5.22, while TDS varied from 5.34 to 6.22 mg/l. There were 1.54 mg/l to 2.12 mg/l of nitrate in the research area. Every water sample was
collected and compared to the WHO threshold of 10 mg/l. The research area's copper concentration ranged from 0.039 mg/l to 0.086 mg/l. The sample with the highest recorded value
was BH9, and the sample with the lowest recorded value was BH15. The study region's manganese concentrations range from 0.05 mg/l to 0.35 mg/l, with the mean, lowest, and highest
values included in these data. The WHO criterion is 0.1 mg/l, and just one sample (BH8) was higher than that. Some of the wells' water samples and those from a few boreholes are
contaminated with too high amounts of certain parameters to be consumed by humans. Therefore, it has been established that human activities (refuse dumping, sewage disposal, etc.) have had an impact on the quality of the groundwater in that area.
component of the cluster analysis is the Dendrogram, which showed the Euclidean distance level at which a combination of elements and clusters was present. Four clusters were found, and Cluster 1, which is primarily composed of heavy metals, showed correlation and similarities among the relevant parameters. Among the parameters that were looked at were the water
sample's pH, turbidity, TDS, electrical conductivity, salinity, and TSS. An atomic absorption spectrometer was used to identify heavy metals and cations, such as Na, K, Ca, and Mg, whereas
sulphate, phosphate, nitrate, and carbonates were detected as anions. The results of the study indicated that the water samples had a pH range of 5.28 to 5.98, indicating that they were acidic. The research region's pH ranged from 4.51 to 5.22, while TDS varied from 5.34 to 6.22 mg/l. There were 1.54 mg/l to 2.12 mg/l of nitrate in the research area. Every water sample was
collected and compared to the WHO threshold of 10 mg/l. The research area's copper concentration ranged from 0.039 mg/l to 0.086 mg/l. The sample with the highest recorded value
was BH9, and the sample with the lowest recorded value was BH15. The study region's manganese concentrations range from 0.05 mg/l to 0.35 mg/l, with the mean, lowest, and highest
values included in these data. The WHO criterion is 0.1 mg/l, and just one sample (BH8) was higher than that. Some of the wells' water samples and those from a few boreholes are
contaminated with too high amounts of certain parameters to be consumed by humans. Therefore, it has been established that human activities (refuse dumping, sewage disposal, etc.) have had an impact on the quality of the groundwater in that area.
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