C. O. Edigin

Climate change is rapidly transforming the global geopolitical landscape, acting as a potent threat multiplier that reshapes traditional notions of international security. This paper examines the profound security implications of global warming through a targeted case study of the Arctic region. As rising temperatures trigger unprecedented ice melt, the Arctic is transitioning from an inaccessible, cooperative periphery into a strategic arena of geopolitical competition. The opening of new maritime trade routes, such as the Northern Sea Route, alongside newly accessible and vast reserves of oil, natural gas, and critical minerals, has intensified competition among Arctic and non-Arctic states alike. This study analyzes how these ecological shifts disrupt regional stability, looking specifically at increased militarization, sovereignty disputes, and the strain placed on existing governance frameworks like the Arctic Council. Beyond state-centric hard security, the paper also addresses human and environmental security, highlighting the existential threats posed to indigenous populations and fragile ecosystems. Ultimately, this research argues that the Arctic serves as a critical bellwether for 21st-century international relations, demonstrating that effective climate mitigation and robust multilateral cooperation are indispensable to preventing ecological transformation from devolving into interstate conflict.

Social media has emerged as one of the most transformative forces shaping the landscape of entrepreneurship in the contemporary digital economy. Between 1997 and 2024, the rapid evolution of internet-based platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, X (formerly Twitter), LinkedIn, YouTube, and TikTok has redefined how businesses are created, managed, marketed, and scaled globally. This study examines the relationship between social media and digital entrepreneurship over this period, with emphasis on how digital platforms have influenced entrepreneurial development, business innovation, customer engagement, and market expansion. The study adopts a qualitative research approach, relying on secondary sources such as scholarly journals, textbooks, policy reports, and credible online publications. It traces the historical development of social media from early online networking systems to modern algorithm-driven platforms that support real-time communication, targeted advertising, and data-driven decision-making. The research explores how entrepreneurs leverage social media tools for branding, digital marketing, product promotion, customer relationship management, and e-commerce transactions. Findings from the study indicate that social media has significantly lowered the barriers to entry for entrepreneurship by reducing startup and marketing costs while increasing access to global audiences. It has also enhanced innovation by enabling entrepreneurs to test ideas quickly, gather feedback, and adapt to market demands in real time. However, the study also identifies key challenges such as cyber insecurity, online fraud, misinformation, algorithm dependency, and intense market competition, which may hinder sustainable business growth. The study concludes that social media is a critical driver of digital entrepreneurship in the 21st century, reshaping traditional business models and creating new economic opportunities. It recommends that entrepreneurs develop digital literacy skills, adopt strategic online engagement practices, and implement cybersecurity measures to maximize the benefits of social media while minimizing its risks.