Kinematic viscosity

The production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil presents a sustainable approach to waste management and alternative fuel generation. This study investigates the use of Manganese Magnesium Binary Oxide (MMBO) nanoparticles as a catalyst for biodiesel synthesis. The physicochemical properties of waste cooking oil were analyzed before and after esterification, revealing significant reductions in acid value (2.973 mg KOH/g to 1.85 mg KOH/g) and free fatty acid content (1.4865 mg KOH/g to 0.925 mg KOH/g), which improved feedstock suitability for biodiesel production. A comparative analysis of biodiesel produced using MgO and MMBO nanoparticles demonstrated the superior catalytic efficiency of MMBO-NP, yielding 84.6% biodiesel compared to 65% with MgO. The biodiesel produced with MMBO-NP exhibited favorable fuel properties, including a lower kinematic viscosity (3.89 mm²/s), reduced acid value (0.35 mg KOH/g), and improved density (875 kg/m³), aligning with ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 standards. Despite meeting most standard requirements, the flash point (77°C) and cold flow properties (cloud point: 32°C, pour point: 39°C) indicate potential areas for further optimization. These results highlight the potential of MMBO nanoparticles as an efficient catalyst in biodiesel production, promoting a more effective and environmentally friendly conversion of waste cooking oil into biodiesel.