21ST CENTURY

The act of changing or harming a woman's genitalia for non-medical purposes is known as female genital mutilation. An estimated 230 million women and girls worldwide have experienced female genital mutilation, which is acknowledged internationally as a violation of human rights. The number of girls who undergo female genital mutilation will continue to rise if the practice persists at current levels, even though it is decreasing in the majority of the countries where it is common.

This study examines the transformation of global power structures in the 21st century, focusing on the transition from a unipolar to a multipolar international system. In the aftermath of the Cold War, the international order was largely characterized by the dominance of a single superpower, particularly the United States, which exercised unparalleled military, economic, and political influence. However, this unipolar configuration has gradually eroded due to the rise of emerging powers such as China, India, and regional actors, alongside the resurgence of Russia. The research explores the key drivers of this shift, including economic globalization, technological advancement, shifting alliances, and the diffusion of power across both state and non-state actors. It also analyzes how institutions, norms, and geopolitical strategies are adapting to this evolving landscape. By applying theoretical perspectives from realism, liberalism, and constructivism, the study highlights the complexities and uncertainties inherent in a multipolar world. Ultimately, the paper argues that the transition to multipolarity is redefining global governance, increasing both opportunities for cooperation and risks of conflict. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for policymakers and scholars seeking to navigate the challenges of an increasingly decentralized and competitive international system.