CHARLES OSARUMWENSE

Utilising the Warri crisis of 1997–2003 and its aftermath as the main empirical case study, this thesis critically investigates the degree to which gender was mainstreamed in the PAP. The degree of gender mainstreaming in the PAP, the roles women played in the Warri crisis and their acknowledgement in official peace processes, and the structural obstacles that hindered gender mainstreaming, as well as the lessons for future peace agreements in the Niger Delta, were the three research questions. Three theoretical frameworks are integrated in the thesis: intersectionality, critical peacebuilding theory, and feminist political ecology. This qualitative single embedded case study design uses feminist content analysis of PAP policy documents, media and archival sources, secondary empirical literature, and semi-structured interviews with women impacted by conflict, civil society actors, and institutional informants in Delta State. The results show that the PAP failed to mainstream gender at every level of its architecture: its monitoring framework generated no gender-disaggregated data; its weapon-surrender eligibility criterion structurally excluded the majority of women involved in conflict; and its reintegration streams reproduced gender divisions of labour. By expanding the gender paradox of the local turn to a West African resource-conflict environment and showcasing the analytical productivity of fusing feminist political ecology with critical peace studies in post- conflict DDR research, the thesis advances feminist peacebuilding theory.

Utilising the Warri crisis of 1997–2003 and its aftermath as the main empirical case study, this dissertation critically investigates the degree to which gender was mainstreamed in the PAP. The degree of gender mainstreaming in the PAP, the roles women played in the Warri crisis and their acknowledgement in official peace processes, and the structural obstacles that hindered gender mainstreaming, as well as the lessons for future peace agreements in the Niger Delta, were the three research questions. Three theoretical frameworks are integrated in the dissertation: inter-sectionality, critical peace-building theory, and feminist political ecology. This qualitative single embedded case study design uses feminist content analysis of PAP policy documents, media and archival iv v sources, secondary empirical literature, and semi-structured interviews with women impacted by conflict, civil society actors, and institutional informants in Delta State. The results show that the PAP failed to mainstream gender at every level of its architecture: its monitoring framework generated no gender-disaggregated data; its weapon-surrender eligibility criterion structurally excluded the majority of women involved in conflict; and its reintegration streams reproduced gender divisions of labour. By expanding the gender paradox of the local turn to a West African resource-conflict environment and showcasing the analytical productivity of fusing feminist political ecology with critical peace studies in post- conflict DDR research, the thesis advances feminist peace-building theory.

Utilising the Warri crisis of 1997–2003 and its aftermath as the main empirical case study, this dissertation critically investigates the degree to which gender was mainstreamed in the PAP. The degree of gender mainstreaming in the PAP, the roles women played in the Warri crisis and their acknowledgement in official peace processes, and the structural obstacles that hindered gender mainstreaming, as well as the lessons for future peace agreements in the Niger Delta, were the three research questions. Three theoretical frameworks are integrated in the dissertation: inter-sectionality, critical peace-building theory, and feminist political ecology. This qualitative single embedded case study design uses feminist content analysis of PAP policy documents, media and archival sources, secondary empirical literature, and semi-structured interviews with women impacted by conflict, civil society actors, and institutional informants in Delta State. The results show that the PAP failed to mainstream gender at every level of its architecture: its monitoring framework generated no gender-disaggregated data; its weapon-surrender eligibility criterion structurally excluded the majority of women involved in conflict; and its reintegration streams reproduced gender divisions of labour. By expanding the gender paradox of the local turn to a West African resource-conflict environment and showcasing the analytical productivity of fusing feminist political ecology with critical peace studies in post- conflict DDR research, the thesis advances feminist peace-building theory

This study examines the role of immigration in Nigeria’s national security, with particular attention to the opportunities and challenges associated with cross-border migration. Immigration has become a major issue in contemporary international relations due to increasing globalization, economic integration, armed conflicts, and regional mobility within West Africa. Nigeria, as one of Africa’s largest economies and a strategic regional power, experiences significant inflows of migrants from neighboring countries, which has implications for its political stability, economic development, and internal security. The study explores how irregular migration, porous borders, human trafficking, smuggling, terrorism, and transnational crimes contribute to national security concerns in Nigeria. It also investigates the positive contributions of immigration, including labor supply, cultural integration, economic growth, and regional cooperation. The research adopts a qualitative approach using secondary data obtained from textbooks, journal articles, government publications, reports from international organizations, and relevant media sources. Theoretical frameworks such as the Human Security Theory and Migration Theory are employed to analyze the relationship between immigration and national security. Findings reveal that weak border management, inadequate immigration policies, corruption, and limited surveillance mechanisms have increased Nigeria’s vulnerability to insecurity, including insurgency, banditry, kidnapping, and illegal arms trafficking. However, the study also finds that effective immigration management can enhance national development, regional peace, and socio-economic stability. The study concludes that immigration plays a dual role in Nigeria’s national security by serving as both a potential threat and a tool for national development when properly regulated. It therefore recommends stronger border control measures, improved intelligence sharing, modernization of immigration systems, regional collaboration among ECOWAS member states, and comprehensive policy reforms aimed at balancing national security with human rights and regional integration.

The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), originally conceived as a regional economic integration body, has increasingly evolved into a multifaceted political actor, particularly in the realm of peace and security. In light of the recent surge in military coups across West Africa including those in Mali (2020, 2021), Guinea (2021), Burkina Faso (2022), and Niger (2023). ECOWAS’s role has expanded and come under greater scrutiny. This new reality demands a conceptual redefinition of ECOWAS: not only as a vehicle for economic cooperation, but as a regional guardian of democracy, constitutional governance, and political stability¹. ECOWAS’s response mechanisms are rooted in several key legal instruments. Notably, the Protocol Relating to the Mechanism for Conflict Prevention, Management, Resolution, Peacekeeping and Security (1999) and the Supplementary Protocol on Democracy and Good Governance (2001) provide the foundation for its stance against unconstitutional changes of government². These frameworks authorize ECOWAS to take collective action against member states where constitutional order is disrupted ranging from diplomatic sanctions and economic embargoes, to suspension of membership and military intervention threats³