Diplomatic Relations Bilateral Cooperation Unemployment Migration Nationalism

This study examines the phenomenon of xenophobic violence in post-apartheid South Africa and its implications for South Africa–Nigeria relations between 2008 and 2021. Since the end of apartheid in 1994, South Africa has emerged as a leading economy and democratic model in Africa; however, it has also experienced recurring waves of xenophobic attacks, particularly against African migrants such as Nigerians. These violent episodes, notably in 2008, 2015, 2017, and 2019, have been driven by deep-rooted socio-economic challenges including unemployment, poverty, inequality, and perceptions that foreign nationals are responsible for local hardships.

The study explores the underlying causes and manifestations of xenophobia, highlighting how political rhetoric, economic frustrations, and social exclusion have fueled hostility toward foreign nationals. It further analyzes the responses of both the South African and Nigerian governments, including diplomatic protests, evacuations, and policy engagements, as well as the role of regional bodies in addressing the crisis. The research also assesses the broader implications of xenophobic violence on bilateral relations, regional integration, and pan-African solidarity.

Findings indicate that recurring xenophobic violence has significantly strained diplomatic ties between the two countries, undermined mutual trust, and posed challenges to Africa’s integration agenda. The study concludes that addressing xenophobia requires comprehensive strategies focused on inclusive governance, economic reform, public education, and strengthened bilateral and regional cooperation. Ultimately, fostering sustainable peace and unity in Africa depends on tackling the structural drivers of xenophobia and reinforcing commitments to shared continental values.