Failure Mode and Effects Analysis

Mooring systems remain one of the most critical safety components in marine operations, yet failures continue to occur across ports and offshore environments. These failures often lead to equipment damage, operational disruptions, and, in severe cases, loss of life. This study investigates the major causes of mooring system failures and evaluates the associated risks, with a particular focus on mooring practices in port environments. The research combines a detailed review of mooring system fundamentals with an assessment of human, environmental, and equipment-related factors that influence failure. A structured questionnaire was used to obtain first-hand information from marine professionals, and the responses were analyzed using the Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) technique. The findings reveal that human error, inadequate inspection routines, worn mooring lines, and environmental forces such as strong winds and currents are leading contributors to mooring failures. Several failure modes were identified, but the highest Risk Priority Numbers (RPNs) were associated with poor maintenance culture, deviation from safety procedures, and the use of degraded lines. These areas represent the most urgent risks requiring intervention. The study also highlights gaps in compliance with standard mooring system management practices, including inconsistent adherence to the Mooring System Management Plan (MSMP). Based on the results, the research recommends stricter enforcement of mooring safety procedures, regular condition monitoring of mooring equipment, improved crew training, and the adoption of structured risk-assessment tools such as FMEA during operations. Strengthening these areas will significantly reduce the likelihood of failures and enhance the overall safety and reliability of mooring operations in Nigerian port environments.