MODIFICATION

This study investigated the production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil using a catalyst derived from chicken manure impregnated with nickel sulfate. The catalyst was prepared by calcining chicken manure followed by a sol-gel process to incorporate nickel, and characterizedas a porous material with a surface area of 115 m²/g. Using Response Surface Methodology, the reaction conditions were optimized, identifying a methanol-to-oil ratio of 12:1, 3% catalyst loading, 55°C temperature, and 90 minutes reaction time as optimal, resulting in a biodiesel yield of 95.67%. The biodiesel met flash point safety standards but showed higher viscosity, density, and acid value than international fuel specifications, indicating the presence of residual free fatty acids that require pretreatment or purification. This work demonstrates that chicken manure can serve as a cost-effective catalyst precursor in converting waste cooking oil to biodiesel, promoting sustainable waste utilization and renewable energy production