WATER INJECTION

With a variety of EOR methods explored, the discovery is in tune with Low-salinity water Injection (LSW) as a promising enhancement of the rate at which oil is recoverable from the reservoir. However, the comprehensive understanding of the principal mechanism directing this technique, has not been fully harnessed, causing the difficulty of creating the most favourable salinity condition, and the ionic formation, required for the injected solution. However, a wider school of thought holds that, the driving mechanism in LSWI of the carbonate’s reservoir, is vast. Though, the modification in wettability is seen as the primary mechanism driving oil to a more recoverable state, with most literature review proving this, how it works is up for a good intelligent discuss. This literature attempts to reviews a variety of working states of LSWI, from studies, field investigations, as well as individual recommended mechanisms affecting the oil–rock–brine contact interfaces. Furthermore, the uniqueness of this project, is to provides an extensive evaluation of previous treatises, on LSWI in carbonate reservoirs, the analyses, applications, as well as achievements that have given ground for a mastery of the difficulty of the multicomponent systems and the potential benefits it has on the oil production industry

With a variety of EOR methods explored, the discovery is in tune with Low-salinity water Injection (LSW) as a promising enhancement of the rate at which oil is recoverable from the reservoir. However, the comprehensive understanding of the principal mechanism directing this technique, has not been fully harnessed, causing the difficulty of creating the most favourable salinity condition, and the ionic formation, required for the injected solution. However, a wider school of thought holds that, the driving mechanism in LSWI of the carbonate’s reservoir, is vast. Though, the modification in wettability is seen as the primary mechanism driving oil to a more recoverable state, with most literature review proving this, how it works is up for a good intelligent discuss. This literature attempts to reviews a variety of working states of LSWI, from studies, field investigations, as well as individual recommended mechanisms affecting the oil–rock–brine contact interfaces. Furthermore, the uniqueness of this project, is to provides an extensive evaluation of previous treatises, on LSWI in carbonate reservoirs, the analyses, applications, as well as achievements that have given ground for a mastery of the difficulty of the multicomponent systems and the potential benefits it has on the oil production industry.

The IZYP field, located in the Niger Delta region, is an oil rim reservoir characterized by a combined drive mechanism involving both an aquifer and solution gas. The field has undergone primary recovery and conventional water injection, achieving a recovery factor of 19% and 28.5%, respectively. However, the late initiation of water injection led to substantial pressure depletion and solution gas liberation, compromising the reservoir's natural energy drive and hindering efficient hydrocarbon recovery. This study aimed to optimize the water injection strategy for the IZYP field to maximize oil recovery and resource utilization. A representative reservoir simulation model was developed through history matching, replicating the field's past production performance. Subsequent simulations evaluated the impact of modifying water injection timings and operational parameters on overall recovery factors. The optimized water injection strategy involved initiating water injection at an earlier stage (3,015 days or 1997), effectively maintaining reservoir pressure above the bubble point. This proactive approach minimized solution gas production and preserved the reservoir's energy potential. The optimized strategy yielded a substantial improvement in the ultimate recovery factor, increasing from 28.5% to 32.6% after 34 years of production. Comparative analyses of average reservoir pressure, gas-oil ratio (GOR), and recovery factor graphs illustrated the significant benefits of the optimized approach