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Abstract
The earliest vertical gardens extend back 2000 years to the Mediterranean region, and ornamental roof gardens were first created by the civilizations that inhabited the basins of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers (the most famous examples of which were the Hanging Gardens of Babylon in the seventh and eight centuries B. C.). Northern European regions, such as Norway's sod roofs or the Mediterranean basin's climbing plants for shading vertical surfaces, have a number of examples of green roofs and façades dating to the 18th and 19th centuries. To support sustainable construction practises, modern building envelopes also contain cutting-edge materials and other technologies.
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